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deformation mechanism maps
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in Failures from Various Mechanisms and Related Environmental Factors
> Metals Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 45 Deformation-mechanism maps for (a) thoria-dispersed nickel and (b) type 316 stainless steel. Diffusional flow is a type of creep that occurs at very high temperatures and very low stresses.
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 26 Deformation mechanism maps for (a) zinc-aluminum and (b) lead-tin in terms of grain size versus stress. According to the dislocation mechanisms of superplasticity, a transition from superplasticity to dislocation creep should occur when d /b ≅ 10 μ/τ. This is approximately observed
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 26 Deformation mechanism maps for (a) zinc-aluminum and (b) lead-tin in terms of grain size versus stress. According to the dislocation mechanisms of superplasticity, a transition from superplasticity to dislocation creep should occur when d /b ≅ 10 μ/τ. This is approximately observed
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in Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 2 Deformation mechanism maps for MAR-M 200 alloy at a grain size of (a) 100 μm and (b) 1 cm (0.4 in.)
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Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 19 Deformation mechanism map of aluminum alloy 5083 with superplastic forming, quick plastic forming, and hot stamping. GBS = grain boundary sliding, SD = slip deformation, PLB = persistent Lüders, or slip, bands. Source: Ref 10
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in Creep Deformation of Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites
> Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 8 Deformation mechanism map for creep of pure alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) with a grain size ( d ) of 100 μm. Source: Ref 12
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Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 9 Ashby deformation mechanism map for pure nickel with a grain size of 0.1 mm. L.T., low temperature; H.T., high temperature
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 2 Deformation mechanism map for the cast nickel-base superalloy MAR-M200 with a grain size of 100 μm. Source: Ref 3
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
..., diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys. creep deformation...
Abstract
This article, to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing deformation at elevated temperatures, discusses the phenomenological effects resulting from temperature-induced thermodynamic and kinetic changes. It describes the deformation behavior of engineering materials using expressions known as constitutive equations that relate the dependence of stress, temperature, and microstructure on deformation. The article reviews the characteristics of creep deformation and mechanisms of creep, such as power-law creep, low temperature creep, power-law breakdown, diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 25 Deformation map for various failure mechanisms as a function of temperature and sulfur contents for preoriented polyisoprenes. Source: Ref 41
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 26 Deformation map for various failure mechanisms as a function of temperature and sulfur contents for preoriented polyisoprenes. Source: Ref 17
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... present compelling evidence that dislocations interact strongly with particles on a very local scale. Deformation Mechanism Maps The mechanisms of dislocation glide, dislocation climb, and diffusional flow exhibit different stress and temperature dependencies. Thus, the relative contribution...
Abstract
Creep deformation is normally studied by applying either a constant load or a constant true stress to a material at a sufficiently high homologous temperature so that a measurable amount of creep strain occurs in a reasonable time. This article provides the phenomenological descriptions of creep and explains the testing and mechanism of creep in crystalline solids. It also presents information on the creep response of crystalline and amorphous solids.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... encountered in multiaxial stress states. The construction of a processing map based on deformation mechanisms is also discussed. ductile fracture multiaxial stress stress-strain curve workability WORKABILITY refers to the relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation...
Abstract
This article provides the definitions of stress and strain, and describes the relationship between stress and strain by stress-strain curves and true-stress/true-strain curves. The emphasis is on understanding the factors that determine the extent of deformation a metal can withstand before cracking or fracture occurs. The article reviews the process variables that influence the degree of workability and summarizes the mathematical relationships that describe the occurrence of room-temperature ductile fracture under workability conditions. It discusses the most common situations encountered in multiaxial stress states. The construction of a processing map based on deformation mechanisms is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003993
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... superalloys, namely, iron-nickel superalloys, nickel-base alloys, cobalt-base alloys, and powder alloys. The article discusses the microstructural mechanisms during hot deformation and presents processing maps for various superalloys. It concludes with a discussion on heat treatment of wrought heat-resistant...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on forging methods, melting procedures, forging equipment, forging practices, grain refinement, and critical factors considered in forging process. It describes the different types of solid-solution-strengthened and precipitation-strengthened superalloys, namely, iron-nickel superalloys, nickel-base alloys, cobalt-base alloys, and powder alloys. The article discusses the microstructural mechanisms during hot deformation and presents processing maps for various superalloys. It concludes with a discussion on heat treatment of wrought heat-resistant alloy forgings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002477
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
..., there are two competing failure modes: ductile and brittle ( Fig. 6 ). With increasingly constrained stress states (uniaxial → biaxial → triaxial), the tendency for brittle failure tends to increase. Brittle failure occurs when the brittle failure mechanism occurs prior to ductile deformation ( Fig. 6...
Abstract
The key to any successful part development is the proper choice of material, process, and design matched to the part performance requirements. Understanding the true effects of time, temperature, and rate of loading on material performance can make the difference between a successful application and catastrophic failure. This article provides examples of reliable material performance indicators and common practices to avoid failure. Simple tools and techniques for predicting part mechanical performance integrated with manufacturing concerns, such as flow length and cycle time, are demonstrated. The article describes the prediction of mechanical part performance for stiffness, strength/impact, creep/stress relaxation, and fatigue.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...(a) it is predicted that wear is largely dominated by plastic deformation. The mapping approach is quite useful for understanding the wear mechanisms and transitions for steels commonly used for wheels and rails. Figure 11 shows the wear map for a BS11 wheel steel (with a hardness of ~250 kg/mm 2 ) ( Ref 25...
Abstract
This article considers the main characteristics of wear mechanisms and how they can be identified. Some identification examples are reported, with the warning that this task can be difficult because of the presence of disturbing factors such as contaminants or possible additional damage of the worn products after the tribological process. Then, the article describes some examples of wear processes, considering possible transitions and/or interactions of the mechanism of fretting wear, rolling-sliding wear, abrasive wear, and solid-particle erosion wear. The role of tribological parameters on the material response is presented using the wear map concept, which is very useful and informative in several respects. The article concludes with guidelines for the selection of suitable surface treatments to avoid wear failures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006396
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... on steel ( Ref 42 ). Later, scratching and deformation maps for polymers such as ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene and polymethyl methacrylate, under abrasive wear, were proposed ( Ref 43 ). The usefulness of wear-mechanism maps is not restricted to describing the wear characteristics of bulk...
Abstract
This article describes the usefulness of wear maps and explains how to construct a proper wear map from scratch and effectively employ such a map to make important design decisions for a particular tribological situation. It discusses three categories of wear-data presentation: numeric data, topographic data, and multidimensional graphical data. The article provides a brief description of the development of different groups of wear maps. It also summarizes the essential components of a wear map.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 Deformation and fracture map for (a) magnesium and (b) magnesium oxide. Mode 1, 2, and 3 represent regions of brittle fracture mechanisms (cleavage or IG fracture) with the following conditions: Region 1, pre-existing cracks propagate; Region 2, slip or twin-nucleated cracks propagate
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 23 Deformation and fracture maps for (a) magnesium and (b) magnesium oxide. Mode 1, 2, and 3 represent regions of brittle fracture mechanisms (cleavage or intergranular fracture) with the following conditions: region 1, preexisting cracks propagate; region 2, slip or twin-nucleated cracks
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... mechanisms, see Ref 15 . Fig. 10 Fracture mechanism map for nickel Failure in deformation processing at below 0.5 T m occurs by ductile fracture. The three stages of ductile fracture are shown in Fig. 11 . The first stage is void initiation, which usually occurs at second-phase particles...
Abstract
This article focuses on the factors that determine the extent of deformation a metal can withstand before cracking or fracture occurs. It informs that workability depends on the local conditions of stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature in combination with material factors. The article discusses the common testing techniques and process variables for workability prediction. It illustrates the simple and most widely used fracture criterion proposed by Cockcroft and Latham and provides a workability analysis using the fracture limit line. The article describes various workability tests, such as the tension test, ring compression test, plane-strain compression test, bend test, indentation test, and forgeability test. It concludes with information on the role of the finite-element modeling software used in workability analysis.
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