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Jeffery C. Gibeling
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V. Samarov, D. Seliverstov, F.H. (Sam) Froes
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Deformation mechanism maps for (a) zinc-aluminum and (b) lead-tin in terms ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 26 Deformation mechanism maps for (a) zinc-aluminum and (b) lead-tin in terms of grain size versus stress. According to the dislocation mechanisms of superplasticity, a transition from superplasticity to dislocation creep should occur when d /b ≅ 10 μ/τ. This is approximately observed
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Image
Deformation mechanism maps for (a) zinc-aluminum and (b) lead-tin in terms ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 26 Deformation mechanism maps for (a) zinc-aluminum and (b) lead-tin in terms of grain size versus stress. According to the dislocation mechanisms of superplasticity, a transition from superplasticity to dislocation creep should occur when d /b ≅ 10 μ/τ. This is approximately observed
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Image
Deformation-mechanism maps for (a) thoria-dispersed nickel and (b) type 316...
Available to Purchase
in Failures from Various Mechanisms and Related Environmental Factors
> Metals Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 45 Deformation-mechanism maps for (a) thoria-dispersed nickel and (b) type 316 stainless steel. Diffusional flow is a type of creep that occurs at very high temperatures and very low stresses.
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Image
Deformation mechanism maps for MAR-M 200 alloy at a grain size of (a) 100 μ...
Available to Purchase
in Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 2 Deformation mechanism maps for MAR-M 200 alloy at a grain size of (a) 100 μm and (b) 1 cm (0.4 in.)
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Ashby deformation mechanism map for pure nickel with a grain size of 0.1 mm...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2009
Fig. 9 Ashby deformation mechanism map for pure nickel with a grain size of 0.1 mm. L.T., low temperature; H.T., high temperature
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Deformation mechanism map of aluminum alloy 5083 with superplastic forming,...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 November 2018
Fig. 19 Deformation mechanism map of aluminum alloy 5083 with superplastic forming, quick plastic forming, and hot stamping. GBS = grain boundary sliding, SD = slip deformation, PLB = persistent Lüders, or slip, bands. Source: Ref 10
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Deformation mechanism map for the cast nickel-base superalloy MAR-M200 with...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 2 Deformation mechanism map for the cast nickel-base superalloy MAR-M200 with a grain size of 100 μm. Source: Ref 3
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Deformation mechanism map for creep of pure alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) with a grai...
Available to Purchase
in Creep Deformation of Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites
> Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 8 Deformation mechanism map for creep of pure alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) with a grain size ( d ) of 100 μm. Source: Ref 12
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
..., diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys. creep deformation...
Abstract
This article, to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing deformation at elevated temperatures, discusses the phenomenological effects resulting from temperature-induced thermodynamic and kinetic changes. It describes the deformation behavior of engineering materials using expressions known as constitutive equations that relate the dependence of stress, temperature, and microstructure on deformation. The article reviews the characteristics of creep deformation and mechanisms of creep, such as power-law creep, low temperature creep, power-law breakdown, diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys.
Image
Deformation map for various failure mechanisms as a function of temperature...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 25 Deformation map for various failure mechanisms as a function of temperature and sulfur contents for preoriented polyisoprenes. Source: Ref 41
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Deformation map for various failure mechanisms as a function of temperature...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 26 Deformation map for various failure mechanisms as a function of temperature and sulfur contents for preoriented polyisoprenes. Source: Ref 17
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Book Chapter
Creep Deformation of Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... present compelling evidence that dislocations interact strongly with particles on a very local scale. Deformation Mechanism Maps The mechanisms of dislocation glide, dislocation climb, and diffusional flow exhibit different stress and temperature dependencies. Thus, the relative contribution...
Abstract
Creep deformation is normally studied by applying either a constant load or a constant true stress to a material at a sufficiently high homologous temperature so that a measurable amount of creep strain occurs in a reasonable time. This article provides the phenomenological descriptions of creep and explains the testing and mechanism of creep in crystalline solids. It also presents information on the creep response of crystalline and amorphous solids.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... encountered in multiaxial stress states. The construction of a processing map based on deformation mechanisms is also discussed. ductile fracture multiaxial stress stress-strain curve workability WORKABILITY refers to the relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation...
Abstract
This article provides the definitions of stress and strain, and describes the relationship between stress and strain by stress-strain curves and true-stress/true-strain curves. The emphasis is on understanding the factors that determine the extent of deformation a metal can withstand before cracking or fracture occurs. The article reviews the process variables that influence the degree of workability and summarizes the mathematical relationships that describe the occurrence of room-temperature ductile fracture under workability conditions. It discusses the most common situations encountered in multiaxial stress states. The construction of a processing map based on deformation mechanisms is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003993
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... superalloys, namely, iron-nickel superalloys, nickel-base alloys, cobalt-base alloys, and powder alloys. The article discusses the microstructural mechanisms during hot deformation and presents processing maps for various superalloys. It concludes with a discussion on heat treatment of wrought heat-resistant...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on forging methods, melting procedures, forging equipment, forging practices, grain refinement, and critical factors considered in forging process. It describes the different types of solid-solution-strengthened and precipitation-strengthened superalloys, namely, iron-nickel superalloys, nickel-base alloys, cobalt-base alloys, and powder alloys. The article discusses the microstructural mechanisms during hot deformation and presents processing maps for various superalloys. It concludes with a discussion on heat treatment of wrought heat-resistant alloy forgings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002477
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
..., there are two competing failure modes: ductile and brittle ( Fig. 6 ). With increasingly constrained stress states (uniaxial → biaxial → triaxial), the tendency for brittle failure tends to increase. Brittle failure occurs when the brittle failure mechanism occurs prior to ductile deformation ( Fig. 6...
Abstract
The key to any successful part development is the proper choice of material, process, and design matched to the part performance requirements. Understanding the true effects of time, temperature, and rate of loading on material performance can make the difference between a successful application and catastrophic failure. This article provides examples of reliable material performance indicators and common practices to avoid failure. Simple tools and techniques for predicting part mechanical performance integrated with manufacturing concerns, such as flow length and cycle time, are demonstrated. The article describes the prediction of mechanical part performance for stiffness, strength/impact, creep/stress relaxation, and fatigue.
Book Chapter
Creep and Creep-Rupture Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003288
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... from data in order to calculate absolute values of creep rates (see “Deformation-Mechanism Maps” in this article for a discussion on how the power-law regime may vary for a material). Creep deformation results also indicate that the values for n and Q in Eq 2 are both variable with respect...
Abstract
This article reviews the basic equipment and methods for creep and creep rupture testing. It begins with a discussion on the creep properties, including stress and temperature dependence, as well as of the extrapolation techniques that permit estimation of the long-term creep and rupture strengths of materials. The article describes the different types of equipment for determination of creep characteristics, including test stands, furnaces, and extensometers. It also discusses the different testing methods for creep rupture: constant-load testing and constant-stress testing. The article presents other testing considerations and concludes with information on stress relaxation testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
...(a) it is predicted that wear is largely dominated by plastic deformation. The mapping approach is quite useful for understanding the wear mechanisms and transitions for steels commonly used for wheels and rails. Figure 11 shows the wear map for a BS11 wheel steel (with a hardness of ~250 kg/mm 2 ) ( Ref 25...
Abstract
This article considers the main characteristics of wear mechanisms and how they can be identified. Some identification examples are reported, with the warning that this task can be difficult because of the presence of disturbing factors such as contaminants or possible additional damage of the worn products after the tribological process. Then, the article describes some examples of wear processes, considering possible transitions and/or interactions of the mechanism of fretting wear, rolling-sliding wear, abrasive wear, and solid-particle erosion wear. The role of tribological parameters on the material response is presented using the wear map concept, which is very useful and informative in several respects. The article concludes with guidelines for the selection of suitable surface treatments to avoid wear failures.
Book Chapter
Fabrication of Near-Net Shape Cost-Effective Titanium Components by Use of Prealloyed Powder and Hot Isostatic Pressing
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006140
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... Frost H.J. and Ashby M.F. , Deformation Mechanism Maps , Pergamon Press , UK , 1982 27. Ashby M.F. , A first report of sintering diagrams , Acta Metall. , Vol 22 , 1974 , p 275 – 284 28. Arzt E. , Ashby M.F. , and Easterling Practical K.E...
Abstract
Prealloyed (PA) powder metallurgy is a technique where complex near-net shape titanium aircraft components are fabricated with low buy-to-fly ratios. This article describes the physical principle, mechanism, and simulation and modeling of metal can and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) processes involved in the PA powder metallurgy technique. It discusses the technical problems addressed in shape control and their solutions for understanding the advantages of powder metallurgy HIP.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Metal and Metal-to-Ceramic Adhesion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001348
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... considering the compression needed to bond dissimilar materials, the deformation-mechanism map work of Frost and Ashby ( Ref 65 ) is helpful. The maps are in a stress/temperature space in which a single deformation mechanism is dominant. The stress used is a normalized tensile stress (tensile stress/shear...
Abstract
This article reviews quantifying adhesion, bonding, and interfacial characterization and strength in a solid-state welding process. It discusses metal-metal configurations and provides information on experimental work carried out in measuring the mechanical properties of interfaces based on theoretical analysis. A discussion on the properties affecting adhesion is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006396
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... on steel ( Ref 42 ). Later, scratching and deformation maps for polymers such as ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene and polymethyl methacrylate, under abrasive wear, were proposed ( Ref 43 ). The usefulness of wear-mechanism maps is not restricted to describing the wear characteristics of bulk...
Abstract
This article describes the usefulness of wear maps and explains how to construct a proper wear map from scratch and effectively employ such a map to make important design decisions for a particular tribological situation. It discusses three categories of wear-data presentation: numeric data, topographic data, and multidimensional graphical data. The article provides a brief description of the development of different groups of wear maps. It also summarizes the essential components of a wear map.
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