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Book Chapter

By Raghavan Srinivasan, Craig S. Hartley
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., billet configurations, and metal flow modes of coextrusion. It presents the analytical studies of coextrusion: deformation energy methods, lower-bound (slab) analyses, upper-bound analyses, and finite-element analyses. These studies are used to identify the regime of material properties and process...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...-frequency stress waves generated by the rapid release of strain energy that occurs within a material during crack growth, plastic deformation, phase transformation, etc. This energy may originate from stored elastic energy as in crack propagation, or from stored chemical-free energy as in phase...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... with a Monte Carlo method ( Ref 27 ). For each finite element, an estimate was made of the stored energy resulting from its deformation. Together with the misorientation of that element with its neighbors, a potential for nucleation of recrystallization can be determined. This is then used to commence a Monte...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... or controlling crack propagation. Stiffness Stiffness is the resistance to deformation. It is often measured as the elastic modulus, or the slope of the stress-strain curve. Because most finishing methods require application of force for surface generation, it is desirable to have minimum deflection...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006910
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... at the crack tip and elastic behavior throughout the remainder of the specimen, whereas in the actual materials, viscoelastic deformation of some form or another occurs in the bulk of the specimen. The presence of inelasticity in the entire specimen as well as at the crack tip results in additional energy...
Book Chapter

By W.R. Kanne, Jr.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001367
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... as an alternative method for supplying the electrical current for upset welding. deformation electrical current homopolar generator resistance welding single-pulse mode upset welding UPSET WELDING (UW) is a resistance welding process utilizing both heat and deformation to form a weld. The heat...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.9781627081962
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
Book Chapter

By P. Michaleris
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005592
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
.... applied plastic strain method conductive heat transfer distortion fusion welding heat-input models irreversible plastic deformation multipass welding residual stress solid-phase transformations thermal cycle thermal transport models thermoelastoplasticity thermomechanical effects...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... occurs in a reasonable time. Constant load testing is normally employed for engineering purposes, because this situation most accurately represents service loading conditions. In contrast, constant true stress testing is used to study deformation mechanisms. At small strains, the two methods give...
Book Chapter

By Glenn S. Daehn
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... that the workpiece is given kinetic energy early in the process and where forming is largely inertial because kinetic energy is dissipated as plastic deformation. For each of the forming methods, the physics is quite different in determining what the as-launched velocity profile of the workpiece will be. Finally...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003310
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... behavior throughout the remainder of the specimen, whereas in the real materials, there is viscoelastic deformation of some form or other occurring in the bulk of the specimen. The presence of inelasticity in the entire specimen, as well as at the crack tip, results in additional energy being required...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... methods of thermal expansion; ow SFE scanning electron microscopy W SFEM stacking fault energy W displacement in the x, y, and z localization parameter sfm simpli ed nite-element method Wf directions; width; weight or mass SI surface feet per minute W_ i aF draft angle of forging SLF Systeme...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
...), and the finite-element method (FEM). The slab method and upper bound method of analysis assume a known deformation field in the plastically deforming body and assume this field either satisfies the force equilibrium (SM) or power-conservation equations (UBM) to determine the stress field or the external load...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... the appropriateness of metal-based EPFM methods for use with CMCs. Metals dissipate crack-tip energy by the plastic deformation mechanisms of slip, dislocation generation, and dislocation movement. CMCs, on the other hand, dissipate crack tip energy through crack branching, fiber bridging, and microcracking...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003305
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... , which shows a sample specimen before and after (hidden lines) deformation ( Ref 10 ). Note that the CMOD is evaluated at the load line (centerline of the loading) and the CTOD is evaluated at the crack tip. Some test methods used for evaluating the CTOD are British Standard 7448, Part 1 and ASTM E 1290...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract This article discusses the deformation and viscoelastic characteristics of plastics as polymeric materials, focusing on the test methods used for the evaluation of their mechanical properties, methods available for analytically predicting the deformation response of polymers...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... ) simulated texture-controlled grain h during beta annealing of Ti-6Al-4V using the phase-field method. The effect of grain-boundary energy/mobility and specific type of initial texture on grain-growth kinetics and the evolution of the different texture components were evaluated. Recrystallization of Beta...
Book Chapter

By Brian S. Hayes, Luther M. Gammon
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... impact of the composite. Analysis Methods for Impact-Damaged Composites Upon impact, if the energy is not absorbed by the composite as elastic strain energy, then damage will occur in the composite ( Ref 7 ). Common damage observed in fiber-reinforced composites involves crack formation...
Book Chapter

By Robert W. Messler, Jr.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... processes, while the latter are known as nonfusion welding processes. Once a decision is made that it is acceptable and advantageous to use fusion or not, it is important and beneficial to consider the type of energy source to be used to cause such melting or such plastic deformation, respectively...
Book Chapter

By S.L. Semiatin
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009002
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... softening processes may occur, depending on the level of deformation during hot working. These are summarized in Fig. 3 for pure nickel ( Ref 8 ). For prestrains much less than those required to initiate DDRX, sufficient stored energy to nucleate static recrystallization is not available, and only static...