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dealloying corrosion
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003620
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Dealloying is a corrosion process in which one or more elements are selectively dissolved, leaving behind a porous residue of the remaining elements. This article describes the dealloying in various systems, namely, dezincification, graphitic corrosion, dealuminification, and noble...
Abstract
Dealloying is a corrosion process in which one or more elements are selectively dissolved, leaving behind a porous residue of the remaining elements. This article describes the dealloying in various systems, namely, dezincification, graphitic corrosion, dealuminification, and noble metal alloys dealloying. The current-potential behavior of a binary alloy undergoing selective dissolution is reviewed. The article highlights the four mechanisms required for the formation of porous metals: ionization-redeposition, surface diffusion, volume diffusion, and percolation model of selective dissolution.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... attack copper metals as well as the most effective means of combating each. General corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, impingement, fretting, intergranular corrosion, dealloying, corrosion fatigue, and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) are some forms of corrosion. The article also lists a galvanic...
Abstract
Copper and copper alloys are widely used in many environments and applications because of their excellent corrosion resistance, which is coupled with combinations of other desirable properties. This article lists the identifying characteristics of the forms of corrosion that commonly attack copper metals as well as the most effective means of combating each. General corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, impingement, fretting, intergranular corrosion, dealloying, corrosion fatigue, and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) are some forms of corrosion. The article also lists a galvanic series of metals and alloys valid for dilute aqueous solutions, such as seawater and weak acids. It provides useful information on the effects of alloy compositions, selection for specific environments, and atmospheric corrosion of selected copper alloys. The article also tabulates the corrosion ratings of wrought copper alloys in various corrosive media.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... originate at the base of corrosion pits on the roughened inner surface of a tube. Etched. Original magnification: ~150× Dealloying Several copper alloys can experience dealloying when exposed to a corrosive medium. Dealloying is a corrosion process by which the more active metal in an alloy...
Abstract
This article focuses on the following common fracture mechanisms observed in copper alloys: dimple overload, corrosion-related fractures such as corrosion fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking, and intergranular fracture. The effects of loading conditions and temperature on copper and copper alloys are discussed.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 50 A micrograph of graphitic corrosion in the wall of the cast iron pipe in Fig. 49 . Original magnification: 50× Corrosion form and mechanism Metallurgically induced corrosion, dealloying graphitic corrosion Material Gray cast iron Product form Underground mains water
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003616
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... corrosion. Often unnoticed until after a metal component fails, dealloying , or selective leaching , is an alloying-related form of corrosion. In cases of dealloying, a process that is somewhat similar to galvanic corrosion but at the subgrain level, selective dissolution of one element from...
Abstract
The corrosion behavior of a metal or alloy is determined by its composition and structural features, the environment and stresses to which it is exposed, and the behavior of any corrosion products generated. This article provides a detailed discussion on the fundamentals of pure metals, impure metals, and alloys. It highlights the ways in which the metallurgical variables, namely, composition and structure, influence the corrosion properties of metals and alloys in aqueous environment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003615
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... on the corrosion of aluminum alloys are varied and complex. When an alloy composed of a solid solution of various elements corrodes, it is typical that one or more elements dissolve preferentially, leaving other elements enriched on the surface. This dealloying process depends strongly on nonmetallurgical...
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
cast irons (ductile or nodular irons) are not prone to gross selective corrosion. Corrosion form and mechanism Metallurgically induced corrosion, dealloying graphitic corrosion, Material Gray cast iron Product form Underground mains water pipe
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
...- corrosion Sulfide attack Dealloying Pitting/crevice corrosion Galvanic corrosion Environmental cracking (b) NH 3 attack Carbon steel Steel condenser shell, tubesheets, spargers S N N W W N N Copper alloys Muntz metal tubesheets N w w N W N N Aluminum bronze...
Abstract
This article addresses the major heat-transfer components of the water-steam loop of a power plant. It describes the various types of condensers, including water-cooled condensers and air-cooled condensers. The article explains the corrosion mechanisms encountered in the condensers, including erosion-corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and pitting corrosion. It discusses the types of deaerators and deals with their corrosion problems. The article provides a discussion on two types of feedwater heaters: channel feedwater heaters and header feedwater heaters. It summarizes the corrosion problems associated with common feedwater heater tube materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
...), although corrosion rates are less than 0.05 mm/yr (<2 mils/yr) and more than 0.5 mm/yr (>20 mils/yr) for tap water and seawater, respectively. Detailed information on dezincification can be found in the article “Effects of Metallurgical Variables on Dealloying Corrosion” in this Volume...
Abstract
Simulated service testing includes exposures of either structural components or test specimens in environments that are representative of many general service situations. This article discusses the selection criteria of test specimens and methods of assessing the corrosion effects. The ASTM International and NACE International standards that are directly or indirectly applicable to simulated service corrosion testing in water are tabulated. The article also describes the effects of variable concentrations of dissolved carbonates, such as calcium, magnesium, and/or sodium, in water on corrosion.
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 3 Effect of molten salt corrosion on nickel-base and stainless steel alloys. In all four examples, chromium depletion (dealloying) was the result of prolonged exposure. Accompanying chromium depletion was the formation of subsurface voids, which did not connect with the surface
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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... is the brasses, which are copper-zinc alloys. The resistance of brasses to corrosion by aqueous solutions does not change markedly as long as the zinc content does not exceed 15%; above 15% Zn, dezincification (dealloying) may occur. Selective removal of zinc leaves a relatively porous and weak layer of copper...
Abstract
This article discusses the identifying characteristics of the forms or mechanisms of corrosion that commonly attack copper metals, as well as the most effective means of combating each. It tabulates the corrosion ratings of wrought copper alloys in various corrosive media. The article describes the corrosion behavior of copper alloys in specific environments. It reviews the corrosion characteristics of copper and copper alloys in various acids, alkalis, salts, organic compounds, and gases. The article provides information on the behavior of copper alloys that is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking in various industrial and chemical environments. It concludes with information on various corrosion testing methods, including aqueous corrosion testing, dynamic corrosion tests, and stress-corrosion testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004102
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., tuberculation, and under-deposit corrosion (UDC), microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and dealloying. General corrosion rates vary greatly because some waters are much more aggressive than others. Localized forms of corrosion, pitting, concentration...
Abstract
This article describes the corrosion mechanisms, challenges, and control methods in service water distribution systems. It provides a discussion on typical designs and water qualities for distribution systems used in fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants. The article also explains the techniques for controlling corrosion in service water systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003633
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... is observed in alloy-environment combinations that result in the formation of a film on the metal surface. These films may be passivating layers, tarnish films, or dealloyed layers. In many cases, these films reduce the rate of general or uniform corrosion, making the alloy desirable for resistance to uniform...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a phenomenon in which time-dependent crack growth occurs when the necessary electrochemical, mechanical, and metallurgical conditions exist. This article provides an overview of the environmental phenomenon, mechanisms, and controlling parameters of SCC. It describes the phenomenological and mechanistic aspects of the initiation and propagation of SCC. The article includes a phenomenological description of crack initiation and propagation that describes well-established experimental evidence and observations of stress corrosion. Discussions on mechanisms describe the physical process involved in crack initiation and propagation. The article also includes information on dissolution models and mechanical fracture models.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...-corrosion cracking, dealloying, or pitting) may also be operative. Following are some examples of uniform-corrosion-related failures and its prevention and evaluation. Appropriate methods of controlling uniform corrosion in some situations are noted. Selection of a metal that has a suitable resistance...
Abstract
This article addresses the forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. It describes the mechanisms of corrosive attack for specific forms of corrosion such as galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and velocity-affected corrosion. The article contains a table that lists combinations of alloys and environments subjected to selective leaching and the elements removed by leaching.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006783
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... corrosion prevention crevice corrosion dealloying corrosion galvanic corrosion intergranular corrosion microbiologically influenced corrosion pitting selective leaching uniform corrosion velocity-affected corrosion CORROSION is the electrochemical reaction of a material and its environment...
Abstract
Corrosion is the electrochemical reaction of a material and its environment. This article addresses those forms of corrosion that contribute directly to the failure of metal parts or that render them susceptible to failure by some other mechanism. Various forms of corrosion covered are galvanic corrosion, uniform corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, selective leaching, and velocity-affected corrosion. In particular, mechanisms of corrosive attack for specific forms of corrosion, as well as evaluation and factors contributing to these forms, are described. These reviews of corrosion forms and mechanisms are intended to assist the reader in developing an understanding of the underlying principles of corrosion; acquiring such an understanding is the first step in recognizing and analyzing corrosion-related failures and in formulating preventive measures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004132
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... streams, corrosion continues to be one of the central challenges to the full development of the SCWO technology. The article presents a summary of selected materials exposed to various environments as well as the observed form of corrosion in a table. It also illustrates the necessity to adopt...
Abstract
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is an effective process for the destruction of military and industrial wastes including wastewater sludge. This article discusses the unique properties of supercritical water and lists the main technological advantages of SCWO. For many waste streams, corrosion continues to be one of the central challenges to the full development of the SCWO technology. The article presents a summary of selected materials exposed to various environments as well as the observed form of corrosion in a table. It also illustrates the necessity to adopt a synergistic approach incorporating feed chemistry control, reactor design modifications, and intelligent materials selection, for mitigating degradation of SCWO systems.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
...-Temperature Gaseous Corrosion (section on Carburization) 231 Localized corrosion Pitting Pitting Corrosion 236 Crevice, underdeposit attack Crevice Corrosion 242 Filiform Filiform Corrosion 248 Metallurgically influenced corrosion Dealloying Effects of Metallurgical...
Abstract
This article is a pictorial guide to forms of corrosion that draws attention to common pitfalls or situations that have caused premature corrosion, sometimes with expensive consequences. The examples used are not exhaustive; they highlight the necessity to fully examine materials, conditions, and specific circumstances that together can reduce the anticipated service life of a component or plant. The color images in this article are categorized according to the type of corrosion following the general order that is adopted in Volume 13A of ASM Handbook. The first table of the article provides a categorization of the forms of corrosion. It also provides a reference to articles or sections of articles in Volume 13A that detail the particular corrosion form or mechanism. The second table is a guide listing the figures in this article by material and by the corrosion form or mechanism illustrated.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003837
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract This article reviews the corrosion behavior of intermetallics for the modeling of the corrosion processes and for devising a strategy to create corrosion protective systems through alloy and coating design. Thermodynamic principles in the context of high-temperature corrosion...
Abstract
This article reviews the corrosion behavior of intermetallics for the modeling of the corrosion processes and for devising a strategy to create corrosion protective systems through alloy and coating design. Thermodynamic principles in the context of high-temperature corrosion and information on oxidation; sulfidation; hot corrosion of NiAl-, FeAl-, and TiAl-based intermetallics; and silicides are included. The article explores the thermodynamic consideration, ordering influencing kinetics, stress-cracking corrosion, and hydrogen embrittlement of aqueous corrosion. It also explains the practical issues dealing with the corrosion problems.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... alloy and the base metal, there is a potential for pitting corrosion. Selective Dealloying Many brazed joints consist of two or more phases. Sometimes, one or more of the phases are subjected to selective attack. Occasionally, an element is selectively leached from the braze. An example...
Abstract
Corrosion is often thought of as rusting, the process of deterioration undergone by a metal when it is exposed to air or water. This article provides the fundamentals of joints corrosion and primarily addresses the various forms of corrosion observed in brazed and soldered joints and their causes. It describes the role of proper brazing procedures in controlling corrosion. The article concludes with information on the corrosion resistance of various brazing alloy systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of examination Erosion Cavitation Fretting Intergranular Group 3: verification is usually required by microscopy Exfoliation Dealloying Stress-corrosion cracking Corrosion fatigue Many tests have been designed specifically to reveal the susceptibility of materials to one or more of these corrosion...
Abstract
This article details factors that have been used for evaluating the susceptibility of alloys to stress-corrosion cracking. Many considerations impacting the validity and accuracy of information gathered from laboratory testing programs are reviewed. The article highlights the main characteristics of probability distributions, such as normal distribution, log-normal distribution, exponential distribution, Poisson distribution, and extreme-value distribution. It also provides information on the statistical concepts to produce effective test programs.
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