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cylindrical forgings
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 6 Hollow cylindrical forging produced in an upsetting forging machine, illustrating that draft angles are measured both from the direction of closure of gripper dies and from the direction of ram of the forging plug
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
...Abstract Abstract Control of grain flow is one of the major advantages of shaping metal parts by rolling, forging, or extrusion. This article shows the effects of anisotropy on mechanical properties. Cylindrical forgings commonly have a straight parting line located in a diametral plane...
Abstract
Control of grain flow is one of the major advantages of shaping metal parts by rolling, forging, or extrusion. This article shows the effects of anisotropy on mechanical properties. Cylindrical forgings commonly have a straight parting line located in a diametral plane. The alternate classes of parting lines are called either "straight" or "broken" for brevity. Regardless of whether draft is applied or natural, the forging will have its maximum spread or girth at the parting line. Proper placement of the parting line ensures that the principal grain flow direction within the forging will be parallel to the principal direction of service loading. The article reviews the mutual dependence of parting line and forging process. It provides a checklist for the forging designer that suggests a systematic approach for establishing parting line location. Finally, the article contains examples, with illustrations of parting line locations, accompanied by tables of design parameters.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 11 Sequence of operations in the forging of a cylindrical workpiece from square stock. Dimensions in figure given in inches Stock preparation Cold sawing Stock size 305 × 305 × 254 mm (12 × 12 × 10 in.) Stock weight 179 kg (395 lb) Finished weight 170 kg (375 lb
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 1 Schematic views of sections from (a) square rolled stock, (b) rectangular rolled stock, (c) a cylindrical extruded section, and (d) a ring-rolled section, illustrating the effect of section configuration or forging process, or both, on the longitudinal direction in a forging.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Penetrant Weight of forging 1.45 kg (3.2 lb) Plan area (approx) 123 cm 2 (19 in. 2 ) Parting line Straight; in diametral plane and without flash Draft angle Natural cylindrical draft, except 6° max on bottom rib Typical fillet radius 0.89 mm (0.038 in.) Typical corner radius 0.48 mm
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 20 Selection of parting lines to eliminate draft in (a) cylindrical, (b) square, and (c) tube-shaped forgings
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
(60 and 57 ksi); yield strength, 310 and 276 MPa (45 and 40 ksi); elongation, 7 and 3%. (c) Compared to 68 kg (150 lb) for forging of original design. (d) Broken at inner cylindrical surface, then follows across wall and rib, and along outside of ribs. (e) Actual web thickness varied up
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003981
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... of a problem, and better accessibility is gained by the absence of the outboard housing. In addition, the fully cylindrical roll dies used in this type of machine offer increased periphery for roll forging. Selection of machine size depends mainly on the following considerations: Power must...
Abstract
Roll forging is a process for simultaneously reducing the cross-sectional area and changing the shape of heated bars, billets, or plates. This article provides an overview of the process capabilities, production techniques, machines and machine size selection considerations, and types of roll dies and auxiliary tools for the roll forging. It concludes with information on the production examples of roll forging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004034
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... by length-and-width tolerance and by die-wear tolerance. To illustrate the measurement of draft angle, designs of three forgings produced in equipment with vertical and horizontal rams are described in the following paragraphs. Vertical Ram The hollow cylindrical forging shown in Fig. 4...
Abstract
This article schematically illustrates the basic types of drafts used in forging design, including outside draft, inside draft, blend draft, natural draft, shift draft, and back draft. The amount of draft, or the draft angle, is designated in degrees and is measured from the axis of a hammer or press stroke. The article illustrates the measurement of draft angle by describing the designs of forgings produced in equipment with vertical and horizontal rams. The use of excessive amounts of draft usually results in an increase in overall cost. The article describes various alternatives for reducing or eliminating draft. It provides a checklist citing major items that should be coordinated with a designer's review of draft.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... for flash on finished forgings and (b) method of flash removal A flat cylindrical head, upset forged at one end of a bar, is shown after finish forging, with flash attached, in Fig. 11(a) . Two alternate designs of flash are illustrated: the flash at the left of the forged head is a thin, flat fin...
Abstract
In terms of the design of a forging, flash is an excess or surplus of metal that is trimmed or otherwise removed after forging operations are completed. This article discusses flash components and the functions of flash. It describes a series of conventional and unconventional flash designs and design adjustments, covering several forging processes and configurations. The article concludes with information on the checklists for the convenience of both designers of forgings and designers of forging dies and contiguous flash.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
...Abstract Abstract This datasheet provides information on composition limits, fabrication characteristics, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and application performance of thick plate and forging alloy 7085. It presents the specified minimum strength and fracture...
Abstract
This datasheet provides information on composition limits, fabrication characteristics, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and application performance of thick plate and forging alloy 7085. It presents the specified minimum strength and fracture properties for plate, die, and hand forgings. The datasheet provides a comparison of the strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth resistance of alloy 7085 plate with those of the legacy plate alloy 7050. It shows tensile yield and ultimate strength at elevated temperature for various temperatures and exposure times for 7085-T7452 die forgings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... and thermomechanical processing of high-strength low-alloy (microalloyed) steels and the various parts of the rolling operation. The article summarizes some of the common tests for determining formability in open-die and closed-die forgings. bulk formability forgeability microalloyed steels rolling operation...
Abstract
This article discusses the bulk formability or workability of steels. It describes their formability characteristics and presents procedures for various formability tests used for carbon and alloy steels. Tests for bulk formability can be divided into two main categories: primary tests and specialized tests. The article compares the processing of microalloyed plate and bar products. The article focuses on the use of torsion testing to evaluate the forgeability of carbon and alloy steels and presents information on measuring flow stress. The article discusses the metallurgy and thermomechanical processing of high-strength low-alloy (microalloyed) steels and the various parts of the rolling operation. The article summarizes some of the common tests for determining formability in open-die and closed-die forgings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003978
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., and such forgings are produced only under unusual circumstances. Generally, most open-die forgings can be grouped into four categories: cylindrical (shaft-type forgings symmetrical about the longitudinal axis), upset or pancake forgings, hollow (including mandrel and shell-type forgings), and contour-type forgings...
Abstract
Open-die forging can be distinguished from most other types of deformation processes in that it provides discontinuous material flow as opposed to continuous flow. This article describes the equipment and auxiliary tools used in open-die forging. It discusses the production and practice of open-die forging, with some practical examples. The article illustrates macrosegregation in a large steel ingot and lists the forgeable alloys. It reviews the physical and mathematical models used in deformation modeling. The article explains the contour forging and roll planishing process. It inform that to ensure that forgings can be machined to correct final measurements, it is necessary to establish allowances, tolerances, and specifications for flatness and concentricity. The article also tabulates the allowances and tolerances for as-forged shafts and bars.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... the rim and hub features is not considered because metal flow would be limited, leading to incomplete densification. Rather, the preform for this part would simply be a cylinder with a hole at the center. Forging the part from a cylindrical preform will involve various combinations of back extrusion...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004040
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... billets, and pancake forgings. Pierced Web The cylindrical cavity at the center of the alloy A-286 bearing housing shown in Fig. 5(a) received a ball joint attachment and served as the principal linkage connecting an aircraft engine to an airframe. This central cavity was developed by piercing...
Abstract
Machining serves as a more specialized supplement to the forging process, particularly in the formation of cavities and holes. This article provides information on the enclosures, cavities, and holes in hammer and press forgings. It provides a checklist that serves as a guide to the procedure for reviewing the design of cavities and holes to be incorporated in forgings. The article also describes forging designs in which cavities and holes are related to rib and web designs, punchout, piercing, extruding, and combinations of these processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003984
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... instances, the mandrel is retracted into the hollow spindle of the chuckhead during loading and unloading of the workpiece. Fig. 8 Forging of tubular parts over (a) a short mandrel and (b) a long mandrel Long tubes with cylindrical bores are forged over a short mandrel. The short mandrel, held...
Abstract
Radial forging is a process performed with four dies arranged in one plane that can act on a piece simultaneously. This article explains the types of radial forgings and describes the advantages and disadvantages of radial forging over open-die cogging/forging. The article discusses the parameters involved in product shape control. It also provides examples that illustrate the versatility and capabilities of the radial forge machine.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003991
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
...Abstract Abstract This article focuses on the forging behavior and practices of carbon and alloy steels. It presents general guidelines for forging in terms of practices, steel selection, forgeability and mechanical properties, heat treatments of steel forgings, die design features...
Abstract
This article focuses on the forging behavior and practices of carbon and alloy steels. It presents general guidelines for forging in terms of practices, steel selection, forgeability and mechanical properties, heat treatments of steel forgings, die design features, and machining. The article discusses the effect of forging on final component properties and presents special considerations for the design of hot upset forgings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
...Abstract Abstract Workability in forging depends on a variety of material, process-variable, and die-design features. A number of test techniques have been developed for gaging forgeability depending on alloy type, microstructure, die geometry, and process variables. This article summarizes...
Abstract
Workability in forging depends on a variety of material, process-variable, and die-design features. A number of test techniques have been developed for gaging forgeability depending on alloy type, microstructure, die geometry, and process variables. This article summarizes some common workability tests and illustrates their application in practical forging situations. Workability tests for open-die forging of cast structures, hot and cold open-die forging of recrystallized structures, fracture-controlled defect formation, establishing effects of process variables and secondary tensile stresses on forgeability, and flow-localization-controlled failure are some common tests. The workability test used for closed-die forging is also summarized.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006493
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... to the conventional alloys. To evaluate the ductility of the advanced alloys for forging applications, an upset compression test of cylindrical specimens can be used as a workability test ( Fig. 5 ). Compression of cylindrical specimens of the material generates circumferential tensile stresses and axial compressive...
Abstract
This article examines aluminum forging processes, including open-die, closed-die, upset, roll, orbital, spin, and mandrel forging, and compares and contrasts their capabilities and the associated design requirements for forged parts. It discusses the effect of key process variables such as workpiece and die temperature, strain rate, and deformation mode. The article describes the relative forgeability of the ten most widely used aluminum alloys, and reviews common forging equipment, including hammers, mechanical and screw presses, and hydraulic presses. It also discusses postforge operations such as trimming, forming, repairing, cleaning, and heat treatment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...Abstract Abstract Forging machines use a wide variety of hammers, presses, and dies to produce products with the desired shape, size, and geometry. This article discusses the major types of hammers (gravity-drop, power-drop, high speed, and open-die forging), and presses (mechanical, hydraulic...
Abstract
Forging machines use a wide variety of hammers, presses, and dies to produce products with the desired shape, size, and geometry. This article discusses the major types of hammers (gravity-drop, power-drop, high speed, and open-die forging), and presses (mechanical, hydraulic, screw-type, and multiple-ram). It further discusses the technologies used in the design of dies, terminology, and materials selection for dies for the most common hot-forging processes, particularly those using vertical presses, hammers, and horizontal forging machines. A brief section is included on computer-aided design in the forging industry. Additionally, the article reviews specific characteristics, process limitations, advantages, and disadvantages of the most common forging processes, namely hot upset forging, roll forging, radial forging, rotary forging, isothermal and hot-die forging, precision forging, and cold forging.