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cycloaliphatic amines
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 23 Structures of cycloaliphatic amines. (a) Diaminocyclohexane. (b) Isophorone diamine. Source: Ref 1
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Published: 01 January 2003
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... epoxy, phosphorus-containing epoxy, fluorinated epoxies, epoxy esters, epoxy phosphate esters, and waterborne epoxy. The principal curatives are amines, amine adducts, cyanoethylated amines, ketimines, polyoxyalkylene amines, cycloaliphatic amines, aromatic amines, polyamides, amido amines...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the principal classes and curatives of epoxy resins used in the coatings industry. The principal classes are bisphenol A epoxy, bisphenol F epoxy, epoxy phenol novolac, cycloaliphatic epoxies, epoxy acrylate, brominated bisphenol-A-based epoxy, phosphorus-containing epoxy, fluorinated epoxies, epoxy esters, epoxy phosphate esters, and waterborne epoxy. The principal curatives are amines, amine adducts, cyanoethylated amines, ketimines, polyoxyalkylene amines, cycloaliphatic amines, aromatic amines, polyamides, amido amines, and dicyandiamides. Other curatives include polyester co-polymers, phenolic co-polymers, melamine and urea formaldehyde co-polymer resins, phosphate flame retardants, ultraviolet and electron beam curing of epoxy resins, Mannich bases, Mannich-based adducts, and anhydrides. The article concludes by discussing the concerns regarding the use of epoxy coatings.
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Published: 30 September 2015
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Published: 01 January 2003
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003692
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... severe immersion service Least flexible of epoxy resins. Costly. Used for high-temperature chemical immersion service Polyamide-cured epoxies Superior to amine-cured epoxies for water resistance. Excellent adhesion, gloss, hardness impact, and abrasion resistance. More flexible and tougher than...
Abstract
This article discusses the coating systems categorized by the generic type of binder or resin and grouped according to the curing or hardening mechanism inherent within that generic type. It focuses on the properties, advantages, and limitations of various autooxidative cross-linked resins, thermoplastic resins, and cross-linked thermosetting resins. The autooxidative cross-linked resins include alkyd resins and epoxy esters. The article examines the two types of coatings based on thermoplastic resins: those deposited by evaporation of a solvent, commonly called lacquers, and those deposited by evaporation of water, a class of coatings called water-borne coatings. The coatings that chemically cross link by copolymerization, including epoxies, unsaturated polyesters, urethanes, high-temperature curing silicones, and phenolic linings, are also described.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003362
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... glycidyl amines, and cycloaliphatics. Phenolic Glycidyl Ethers Phenolic glycidyl ethers are formed by the condensation reaction between epichlorohydrin and a phenol group. Within this class, the structure of the phenol-containing molecule and the number of phenol groups per molecule distinguish...
Abstract
This article discusses the three basic elements of an epoxy resin formulation that must be understood when selecting a thermoset system. These include base resins, epoxy resin curatives, and modifiers. The article provides examples of epoxy resin formulations that illustrate how raw materials are combined to tailor a formulation to a specific application. It concludes with a discussion on general guidelines for the safe handling of epoxy resins and their associated products.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
...-component polyurea elastomers. These co-chain extenders are either secondary or hindered aliphatic amines. They are typically derivatives of IPDA, hydrogenated methylene dianiline, or other cycloaliphatic diamines ( Ref 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). These provide for extending the dry time of the rapid-dry...
Abstract
Two-component polyurea elastomeric coating/lining systems are the newest technology in the protective coating/lining industry and a wide variety of applications have been developed. These include coating/lining applications over concrete, geotextile membranes, various metals for corrosion and decorative areas, and some plastics. This article discusses the formulation basics of polyurea technology and compares the technology to that of polyurethane and polyurethane/polyurea systems. It addresses performance issues and describes application processing considerations and safety practices of polyurea coating/lining systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
.... Using the functional groups available from silane monomers, resin formulators have created organo-functional (e.g., epoxy and amine) silicone resins for epoxy resin modification ( Ref 11 , 12 ). Whereas the use of silicone resin modifiers exploits the stability of the SiO 2 matrix, modification...
Abstract
This article focuses on technologies in the protective coatings field, namely, polysiloxane hybrids and related materials. Industrial maintenance topcoats, including silicone alkyds, silicone epoxies, and polysiloxanes are reviewed. The article discusses two major application areas of protective coatings, namely, architectural coatings and automotive clear coats.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... on structural variations in the starting diamine. Fig. 2 Michael addition reaction to form a polyaspartic ester The aspartic structural feature of the polyaspartic ester creates a sterically hindered environment around the reactive center ( Fig. 3 ), the secondary amine (-NH-) group. Because...
Abstract
Polyaspartic coating technology has found utility in a variety of coating applications, including corrosion protection and flooring topcoats, as these coatings are based on aliphatic polyisocyanates and aliphatic diamines. This article describes the chemistry of polyaspartic esters and curing characteristics and performance properties of polyaspartic coatings. It also provides information on curing corrosion protection coating systems, polyaspartic floor coatings, and safe-use recommendations for handling isocyanates.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...) chemistries. These are generally mixtures, to various degrees, of modified and unmodified aliphatic amines, polyamides, and modified cycloaliphatic amines. Curing of higher-temperature service two-part systems, which require an elevated-temperature cure, is usually accomplished singularly or with mixtures...
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is used to assemble composite components into larger structures. Finished components that are damaged during assembly or service are often repaired with adhesive-bonding techniques. This article summarizes criteria for adhesive selection and illustrates typical secondary adhesively bonded joint configurations. It discusses the highly loaded joint considerations of adhesives. The article describes the epoxy adhesives commonly used for the bonding or repair of composite structures. It discusses the surface preparation of composites and metals, and honeycomb processing, including perimeter trimming, mechanical forming, heat forming, core splicing, contouring, and cleaning. The article presents basic steps involved in the adhesive-bonding process and concludes with a discussion on adhesive applications and tooling.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003367
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... reaction of a cyanogen halide, such as cyanogen chloride, with alcohol or phenol in the presence of a tertiary amine. The low reaction temperatures are desirable in order to reduce the formation of the undesirable by-product diethylcyanamide, a volatile contaminant. It is also important to fully react...
Abstract
Cyanate ester resins are a family of high-temperature thermosetting resins that bridge the gap in thermal performance between engineering epoxy and high-temperature polyimides. This article discusses the chemistry, properties and characteristics of the cyanate ester resins. It describes the processing procedures for the cyanate ester resins and provides information on properties for selected applications, such as space applications, radomes, and printed circuit boards.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... differences in viscosity, cross-linked density, and chemical resistance. Hydrogenated bis A epoxy can be used for improved UV stability. Amines commonly used in flooring include polyamides (and amidoamines), cycloaliphatics, and aliphatics. They differ significantly in functionality (to give different cross...
Abstract
Polymeric floor coatings refer to flooring materials composed of multicomponent thermoset resins formulated with various fillers and pigments that are installed in situ, usually over concrete substrates. Polymeric flooring systems, specified for all industrial and commercial environments, use a variety of polymer chemistries and are constructed in a variety of methods and designs. This article provides a description of the service conditions for the polymeric flooring systems. It provides information on polymeric flooring systems, including thin-film coatings, self-leveling systems, membrane systems, broadcast systems, troweled systems, and terrazzo. The article also focuses on properties, applications, testing, and factors and requirements to be considered during the installation of polymeric floor coatings. It concludes with a discussion about coating failures, including bonding, cracking, chemical attack, and moisture that affect the polymeric floor coatings on concrete.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... and molecular structures of synthetic oil Table 1 Examples and molecular structures of synthetic oil Category Example Molecular structure Esters DBE-4 dibasic ester Cycloaliphatics 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate Polyglycols Poly(ethylene glycol) bis...
Abstract
The function of lubricants is to control friction and wear in a lubricating system containing machine elements such as gears and bearings. This article discusses the basic properties of lubricants to help scientists and engineers understand the principles behind lubricant selection. It reviews the functions of additives, such as friction modifiers, antiwear additives, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, oxidation inhibitors, dispersants, and detergents. The article discusses the physical properties of liquid lubricants and the performance characteristics of lubricants. It describes the most common lubricant categories and provides information on the health and safety aspects of using liquid lubricants. The article concludes with a discussion on the lubricant-application method that plays a vital role in how the lubricant functions.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... to 520 °F) for the cross-linking reaction between hydroxyl polyesters and amino acid resins (the etherified type in particular), acidic catalysts must be used. P -toluolsulfonic acid or its salts with volatile amines, that is, morpholine or nonionically blocked acidic compounds, is a typical choice...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on polyester coating applications such as powder coatings, can coatings, and automotive paints. It includes an overview, structure, properties, and benefits of vinyl ester resins. The article discusses the additives for both unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester coatings, namely, curing systems, thixotropic agents and fillers. It exemplifies polyester and vinyl ester coating, lining and flooring systems that are used for top-to-bottom protection of industrial plants and equipment. The article also highlights the concerns to be addressed when using polyesters and vinyl esters.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... for efficient conversion of high-purity dicyanates and their prepolymers: Soluble coordinating metal compounds, such as copper naphthenate, zinc octoate, or cobalt acetylacetonate. Active hydrogen source, such as an alkylphenol, bisphenol, alcohol, imidazole, or aromatic amine. Certain hydroxyl...
Abstract
A thermosetting resin, or thermoset, is a synthetic organic polymer that cures to a solid, infusible mass by forming a three-dimensional network of covalent chemical bonds. Significant applications include construction and thermoset engineering plastics. This article discusses the general and family characteristics of thermosetting resin families, including allyls, aminos (urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde), cyanates, epoxies, polybenzimidazoles, unsaturated polyesters, thermoset polyimides, phenolics, and vinyl esters. It also explains processing methods, including curing and curing agents. The article provides descriptions of commercial product forms and the wide array of applications of thermosetting resins. It also tabulates the performance properties (mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical resistance) of some families of unfilled or unreinforced thermosetting resins and reinforced or filled grades.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... are tailored by the R groups. Cycloaliphatic R groups provide increased chemical resistance, while softer, lower- T g linear aliphatic groups provide flexibility. Acid-functional R groups improve pigment wetting. Hydroxyl-functional R groups allow for cross linking of FEVE resins with cross linkers...
Abstract
This article provides background information on the chemistry, coating properties, resin types, applications techniques, and performance characteristics of fluoroethylene vinyl ether (FEVE) resins. It describes the formulation methods of FEVE resins, namely, solvent-based coating formulations, water-based coating formulations, and powder coating formulations. The basic concerns to be addressed when formulating and using FEVE coatings are also discussed. The article concludes with a section on health and related safety regulations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... coating 1000 811 Tungsten carbide, flame sprayed 1000 811 Mica, glass bonded 700 644 Polyetheretherketone 600 589 Polyimide 600 589 Silicone elastomer 600 589 Silicone plastic, reinforced 600 589 Epoxy, cycloaliphatic, unreinforced 550 561 Polytetrafluoroethylene...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003002
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... 34–76 5–11 1.4–3.4 0.2–0.5 0.16–0.37 0.3–0.7 230–260 450–500 205–260 400–500 Cycloaliphatic, no filler 1.12–1.18 69–121 10–17.5 3.4–4.8 0.5–0.7 … … 260–290 500–550 250–290 480–550 Melamines Cellulose filled 1.45–1.52 34–62 5–9 7.6 1.1 0.11–0.21 0.2–0.4 130 270...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of engineering tables providing information on the mechanical properties of and the techniques for processing and characterizing polymeric materials, such as thermosets, thermoset-matrix unidirectional advanced composites, and unreinforced and carbon-and glass-reinforced engineering thermoplastics. Values are also provided for chemical resistance ratings for selected plastics and metals, and hardness of selected elastomers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
Abstract
In terms of their electrical properties, plastics can be divided into thermosetting and thermoplastic materials, some of which are conductive or semiconductive. This article provides detailed information on factors that affect the property of plastics. It discusses the major test methods used to determine the following dielectric properties of plastics: dielectric breakdown voltage, dielectric strength, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, arc tracking resistance, insulation resistance, volume, and surface resistivity or conductivity. The test specifications and conditions, recommended by several U.S. and foreign testing organizations for characterizing the electrical properties of plastic materials are listed. The article describes the influence of these properties on selection of plastics for insulation application. An outline of the electromagnetic shielding and testing methods of electromagnetic interference are also provided. Designations, electrical properties, and applications of elastomers are tabulated.