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Book Chapter
Crystallography and Engineering Properties of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
Abstract
This article provides crystallographic and engineering data for single oxide ceramics, zirconia, silicates, mullite, spinels, perovskites, borides, carbides, silicon carbide, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, silicon-nitride ceramics, diamond, and graphite. It includes data on crystal structure, density, mechanical properties, physical properties, electrical properties, thermal properties, and magnetic properties.
Image
Close-packed planes/directions and crystallography of (a) hexagonal close-p...
Available to Purchase
in Modeling and Simulation of Texture Evolution during the Thermomechanical Processing of Titanium Alloys
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 1 Close-packed planes/directions and crystallography of (a) hexagonal close-packed alpha titanium and (b) body-centered cubic beta titanium. The close-packed layer of atoms lying between the upper and lower close-packed layers has been removed from (a) for clarity. (c) Burgers orientation
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Book Chapter
Monte Carlo Models for Grain Growth and Recrystallization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005428
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract The misorientation of a boundary of a growing grain is defined not only by its crystallography but also by the crystallography of the grain into which it is growing. This article focuses on the Monte Carlo Potts model that is typically used to model grain growth, Zener-Smith pinning...
Abstract
The misorientation of a boundary of a growing grain is defined not only by its crystallography but also by the crystallography of the grain into which it is growing. This article focuses on the Monte Carlo Potts model that is typically used to model grain growth, Zener-Smith pinning, abnormal grain growth, and recrystallization. It introduces the basics of the model, providing details of the dynamics, simulation variables, boundary energy, boundary mobility, pinning systems, and stored energy. The article explains how to incorporate experimental parameters and how to validate the model by comparing the observed behavior quantitatively with theory. The industrial applications of the model are also discussed. The article also provides a wide selection of the algorithms for implementing the Potts model, such as boundary-site models, n -fold way models, and parallel models, which are needed to simulate large-scale industrial applications.
Book Chapter
Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006654
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article discusses the techniques and applications of synchrotron x-ray diffraction, providing information on x-ray generation, monochromation, and crystallography. X-ray diffraction techniques covered include single-crystal and powder diffraction. Some of the factors involved...
Abstract
This article discusses the techniques and applications of synchrotron x-ray diffraction, providing information on x-ray generation, monochromation, and crystallography. X-ray diffraction techniques covered include single-crystal and powder diffraction. Some of the factors involved in the construction and development of macromolecular x-ray crystallography are also described.
Book Chapter
Shape Memory Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract This article discusses the history of shape memory alloys (SMAs) along with their properties, capabilities, and crystallography, including phase transformations that occur during thermal treatment. It describes the thermomechanical behaviors of SMAs and explains how to characterize...
Abstract
This article discusses the history of shape memory alloys (SMAs) along with their properties, capabilities, and crystallography, including phase transformations that occur during thermal treatment. It describes the thermomechanical behaviors of SMAs and explains how to characterize them using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) techniques as well as other methods. The article examines the most common shape memory alloys, namely, nickel-titanium and copper-base SMAs, and provides information on their respective properties.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article discusses the physical metallurgy of cast cobalt alloys with an emphasis on the crystallography, compositions, phases and microstructure, and properties. Cobalt alloys are cast by several different foundry methods. The article describes the argon-oxygen decarburization...
Abstract
This article discusses the physical metallurgy of cast cobalt alloys with an emphasis on the crystallography, compositions, phases and microstructure, and properties. Cobalt alloys are cast by several different foundry methods. The article describes the argon-oxygen decarburization and continuous casting process. It provides information on castability and quality of the casted alloys. The article details the postcasting treatment, including heat treatment, hot isostatic pressing, and coatings. It summarizes the applications of cast cobalt alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This introductory article provides basic information on the various aspects of solid-state transformation: multiphase microstructures, substructures, and crystallography, which assist in characterizing the morphology of phase transformations. It contains a flowchart that illustrating...
Abstract
This introductory article provides basic information on the various aspects of solid-state transformation: multiphase microstructures, substructures, and crystallography, which assist in characterizing the morphology of phase transformations. It contains a flowchart that illustrating the classification of transformations by growth processes.
Book Chapter
Modeling and Simulation of Microstructure Evolution during Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... Abstract This article describes the integration of thermodynamic modeling, mobility database, and phase-transformation crystallography into phase-field modeling and its combination with transformation texture modeling to predict phase equilibrium, phase transformation, microstructure evolution...
Abstract
This article describes the integration of thermodynamic modeling, mobility database, and phase-transformation crystallography into phase-field modeling and its combination with transformation texture modeling to predict phase equilibrium, phase transformation, microstructure evolution, and transformation texture development during heat treatment of multicomponent alpha/beta and beta titanium alloys. It includes quantitative description of Burgers orientation relationship and path, discussion of lattice correspondence between the alpha and beta phases, and determination of the total number of Burgers correspondence variants and orientation variants. The article also includes calculation of the transformation strain with contributions from defect structures developed at alpha/beta interfaces as a precipitates grow in size. In the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) framework, the Gibbs free energies and atomic mobilities are established as functions of temperature, pressure, and composition and serve directly as key inputs of any microstructure modeling. The article presents examples of the integrated computation tool set in simulating microstructural evolution.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Abstract Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for investigating the crystallography of surfaces and overlayers adsorbed on surfaces. This article describes the principles of diffraction from surfaces, and elucidates the method of sample preparation to achieve diffraction...
Abstract
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for investigating the crystallography of surfaces and overlayers adsorbed on surfaces. This article describes the principles of diffraction from surfaces, and elucidates the method of sample preparation to achieve diffraction patterns. The article describes the limitations of surface sensitive electron diffraction and discusses the applications of LEED with examples.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003252
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Microstructural analysis is the combined characterization of the morphology, elemental composition, and crystallography of microstructural features through the use of a microscope. This article reviews three types of the most commonly used electron microscopies in metallurgical studies...
Abstract
Microstructural analysis is the combined characterization of the morphology, elemental composition, and crystallography of microstructural features through the use of a microscope. This article reviews three types of the most commonly used electron microscopies in metallurgical studies, namely scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy. It briefly describes the operating principles, instrumentation which includes energy dispersive X-ray detectors, spatial resolution, typical use of the techniques, elemental analysis detection threshold and precision, limitations, sample requirements, and the capabilities of related techniques.
Book Chapter
Modeling and Simulation of Texture Evolution during the Thermomechanical Processing of Titanium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... the phase equilibria, crystallography, and deformation behavior of titanium and titanium alloys. The article describes the modeling and simulation of recrystallization and grain growth of single-phase beta and single-phase alpha titanium. The deformation- and transformation-texture evolution of two-phase...
Abstract
The modeling and simulation of texture evolution for titanium alloys is often tightly coupled to microstructure evolution. This article focuses on a number of problems for titanium alloys in which such coupling is critical in the development of quantitative models. It discusses the phase equilibria, crystallography, and deformation behavior of titanium and titanium alloys. The article describes the modeling and simulation of recrystallization and grain growth of single-phase beta and single-phase alpha titanium. The deformation- and transformation-texture evolution of two-phase (alpha/beta) titanium alloys are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006655
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for investigating the crystallography of surfaces and overlayers adsorbed on surfaces. This article provides a brief account of LEED, covering the principles and measurements of diffraction from surfaces. Some of the processes...
Abstract
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for investigating the crystallography of surfaces and overlayers adsorbed on surfaces. This article provides a brief account of LEED, covering the principles and measurements of diffraction from surfaces. Some of the processes involved in sample preparation are described. In addition, the article discusses the limitations of surface-sensitive electron diffraction and the applications of LEED with examples.
Image
HOLZ pattern taken from 316 stainless steel. Only the FOLZ ring is present ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1986
Fig. 20 HOLZ pattern taken from 316 stainless steel. Only the FOLZ ring is present in the CBEDP. The HOLZ lines are also visible. Analysis of these patterns allows for precise determination of the three-dimensional crystallography of the specimen. Courtesy of M. Kersker
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Image
Scanning electron micrograph of a zirconia toughened ceramic (ZTC), thermal...
Available to Purchase
in Preparation and Microstructural Analysis of High-Performance Ceramics
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 17 Scanning electron micrograph of a zirconia toughened ceramic (ZTC), thermally etched in air at 1300 °C (2730 °F). Lighter, tetragonal ZrO 2 grains are dispersed in the Al 2 O 3 matrix. The parallel arrays of facets within the grains are related to the ZTC crystallography.
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Image
(a) MIKROGAP detector with sample output. (b) Hybrid photon detector with e...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
Fig. 7 (a) MIKROGAP detector with sample output. (b) Hybrid photon detector with example output (reprinted from Ref 13 with permission of Wiley. Copyright © International Union of Crystallography). (c) Micro x-ray diffraction Rigaku image plate system with simulated diffraction reflections
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Image
X-ray imaging experimental setup of the laser powder-bed fusion process at ...
Available to Purchase
in In Situ X-Ray Imaging of Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes
> Additive Manufacturing Design and Applications
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 8 X-ray imaging experimental setup of the laser powder-bed fusion process at the 32-ID beamline at Advanced Photon Source. Reprinted from Ref 62 by permission from the International Union of Crystallography under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license, https
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Image
(I) Experimental prismatic and (II) basal pole figures, recalculated using ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
of Crystallography
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Image
Electron backscatter diffraction maps obtained from a twin roll cast Fe-Al-...
Available to Purchase
in Crystallographic Analysis by Electron Backscatter Diffraction in the Scanning Electron Microscope
> Materials Characterization
Published: 15 December 2019
, determined by the crystallography of the phases present
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Image
(a) Contour plot of in situ powder x-ray diffraction patterns of Co(dca) 2 ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520615005867
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006675
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... cantilever probes made of various materials Laser light Images of surface topographical features or other near-field and far-field interactions between probe and sample surface 0.2–10 nm 10–80 pm Biological molecules, biomaterials, cells, crystallography, electrochemistry, polymer chemistry, thin-film...
Abstract
This article is an overview of the division Surface Analysis of this volume. The division covers various developed surface-analysis techniques, such as scanning probe and atomic force microscopy. The division focuses on the analysis of surface layers that are less than 100 nm. A quick reference summary of surface-analysis methods is presented in this article.
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