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creep-strengthening
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Image
in Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 34 Schematic of changes in creep strengthening contributions at 550 °C (1020 °F) in (a) normalized molybdenum steel and (b) normalized and tempered molybdenum steel. Source: Ref 57
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Image
in Corrosion in Supercritical Water—Ultrasupercritical Environments for Power Production
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
..., diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys. creep deformation...
Abstract
This article, to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing deformation at elevated temperatures, discusses the phenomenological effects resulting from temperature-induced thermodynamic and kinetic changes. It describes the deformation behavior of engineering materials using expressions known as constitutive equations that relate the dependence of stress, temperature, and microstructure on deformation. The article reviews the characteristics of creep deformation and mechanisms of creep, such as power-law creep, low temperature creep, power-law breakdown, diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys.
Image
in Creep Deformation of Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites
> Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 7 Steady state creep results for a Ni-Cr alloy dispersion strengthened with ThO 2 . Source: Ref 11
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... strengthening and/or grain refinement. The effects of alloy elements on transformation hardening and weldability are, of course, additional factors. The three general types of creep-resistant low-alloy steels are chromium-molybdenum steels, chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steels, and modified chromium...
Abstract
This article discusses some elevated-temperature properties of carbon steels and low-alloy steels with ferrite-pearlite and ferrite-bainite microstructures for use in boiler tubes, pressure vessels, and steam turbines. The selection of steels to be used at elevated temperatures generally involves compromise between the higher efficiencies obtained at higher operating temperatures and the cost of equipment, including materials, fabrication, replacement, and downtime costs. The article considers the low-alloy steels which are the creep-resistant steels with 0.5 to 1.0% Mo combined with 0.5 to 9.0% Cr and perhaps other carbide formers. The factors affecting mechanical properties of steels include the nature of strengthening mechanisms, the microstructure, the heat treatment, and the alloy composition. The article describes these factors, with particular emphasis on chromium-molybdenum steels used for elevated-temperature service. Although the mechanical properties establish the allowable design-stress levels, corrosion effects at elevated temperatures often set the maximum allowable service temperature of an alloy. The article also discusses the effects of alloying elements in annealed, normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... important cases in which the creep response is quite different. For example, some solid solution strengthened alloys exhibit an inverted primary transient when the interaction between the solute atoms and the gliding dislocations is rate controlling. This observation is illustrated schematically in Fig. 2...
Abstract
Creep deformation is normally studied by applying either a constant load or a constant true stress to a material at a sufficiently high homologous temperature so that a measurable amount of creep strain occurs in a reasonable time. This article provides the phenomenological descriptions of creep and explains the testing and mechanism of creep in crystalline solids. It also presents information on the creep response of crystalline and amorphous solids.
Image
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 2 General comparison of creep rupture of conventional nickel-base superalloys. (a) 100 h creep-rupture strength of gamma-prime (γ′) nickel alloys compared to solid-solution and carbide-strengthened alloys. (b) 1000 h creep-rupture strength of some selected nickel superalloys
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Image
in Creep Deformation of Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites
> Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 6 Criterion for viscous glide controlled creep and dislocation climb controlled creep in solid solution strengthened alloys. Source: Ref 9
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Image
in Creep Deformation of Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites
> Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 2 Schematic illustrations of the variation of creep strain with time. (a) Behavior exhibited by some solid solution strengthened materials characterized by an inverted primary transient. (b) Behavior of some other materials that combines a normal transient with an inverted transient
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract Compared to cold-formed parts, age-formed parts have lower residual stresses and consequently better stress corrosion resistance. This article addresses the technical issues that arise in the investigations of creep in precipitate-strengthened materials. The issues addressed help...
Abstract
Compared to cold-formed parts, age-formed parts have lower residual stresses and consequently better stress corrosion resistance. This article addresses the technical issues that arise in the investigations of creep in precipitate-strengthened materials. The issues addressed help in developing alloys and tempers particularly suited for the age-forming process. The different steps involved in the program for predicting the final part shape are discussed. These basic steps involve developing mechanical tests to study creep at low temperatures and low stresses, describing low-temperature creep in terms of a constitutive model, and then using the constitutive model in a process model or finite element analysis to predict the final part shape.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... conductivities in metals are reduced by them. However, metallic strengths are increased by impurities. This solid solution hardening is used to strengthen a number of metals. Adding zinc to copper, as in brasses, is a technologically important example. Small impurity atoms do not substitute for the host...
Abstract
This article focuses on the relationships among material properties and material structure. It summarizes the fundamental characteristics of metals, ceramics, and polymers. The article provides information on the crystal structure, the atomic coordination, and crystalline defects. It discusses the relevance of the properties to design. The article describes the common means for increasing low-temperature strength and presents an example that shows structure-property relationships in nickel-base superalloys for high-temperature applications. The relationships of microstructure with low-temperature fracture, high-temperature fracture, and fatigue failure are also discussed.
Image
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 9 (a) The hot-strength of 2 1 4 Cr steel. Fe represents the strength of pure, annealed iron, SS the contribution of solid-solution strengthening, and NN is the total strength estimated using a neural network model. (b) Comparison of temperature-sensitivity of creep-rupture
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... superalloys 775–925 0.45–0.60 Burner cans for gas turbine engines Oxide dispersion-strengthened nickel-base alloys 1350–1400 0.55–0.65 Constant-load bulk deformation creep curves typically (but not always) consist of three distinct stages ( Fig. 3a ). The first stage (called primary creep...
Abstract
This article reviews the applied aspects of creep and stress-rupture failures. It discusses the microstructural changes and bulk mechanical behavior of classical and nonclassical creep behavior. The article provides a description of microstructural changes and damage from creep deformation, including stress-rupture fractures. It also describes metallurgical instabilities, such as aging and carbide reactions, and evaluates the complex effects of creep-fatigue interaction. The article concludes with a discussion on thermal fatigue and creep fatigue failures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006780
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... 850–950 0.45–0.55 Gas turbine blades Nickel-base superalloys 775–925 0.45–0.60 Burner cans for gas turbine engines Oxide-dispersion-strengthened nickel-base alloys 1350–1400 0.55–0.65 The creep behavior of polymeric materials is more complex, because most plastics respond as true...
Abstract
The principal types of elevated-temperature mechanical failure are creep and stress rupture, stress relaxation, low- and high-cycle fatigue, thermal fatigue, tension overload, and combinations of these, as modified by environment. This article briefly reviews the applied aspects of creep-related failures, where the mechanical strength of a material becomes limited by creep rather than by its elastic limit. The majority of information provided is applicable to metallic materials, and only general information regarding creep-related failures of polymeric materials is given. The article also reviews various factors related to creep behavior and associated failures of materials used in high-temperature applications. The complex effects of creep-fatigue interaction, microstructural changes during classical creep, and nondestructive creep damage assessment of metallic materials are also discussed. The article describes the fracture characteristics of stress rupture. Information on various metallurgical instabilities is also provided. The article presents a description of thermal-fatigue cracks, as distinguished from creep-rupture cracks.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... treatment applied to DS MAR-M 200 Hf was shown by PWA ( Ref 7 ). It was found that creep strength was a direct function of the volume fraction of solutioned and reprecipitated fine γ′ ( Fig. 3 ). Experimental work by PWA showed that the elimination of grain-boundary strengthening elements (boron, hafnium...
Abstract
Directionally solidified (DS) and single-crystal (SX) superalloys and process technology are contributing to significant advances in turbine engine efficiency and durability. These gains are expected to arise from the development of higher creep strength and improved oxidation-resistant SX alloy compositions as well as from the development of SX casting and fabrication technology to utilize advanced transpiration-cooling schemes. This article provides a detailed discussion on the chemistry and castability of first- and second-generation DS and SX superalloys. It summarizes the chemistry modifications applied to MAR-M 247 to develop CMSX-2 with respect to function and objectives. The article also lists the nominal compositions of first- and second-generation DS and SX superalloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... Dispersions of reactive-metal oxides also are used to improve the elevated-temperature strength and creep resistance of molybdenum. An example is the zirconia-dispersion-strengthened alloy Z-6 (0.5% ZrO 2 ). Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys Tungsten has the highest melting point of any metal (3410 °C...
Abstract
The refractory metals include niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium. They are readily degraded by oxidizing environments at moderately low temperatures. Protective coating systems have been developed, mostly for niobium alloys, to permit their use in high-temperature oxidizing aerospace applications. This article discusses the properties, processing, applications, and classes of refractory metals and its alloys, namely molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum and rhenium. It also provides an outline of the coating processes used to improve their oxidation resistance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001467
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... at temperatures above 980 °C (1800 °F) because carbides and many secondary phases used for strengthening conventional wrought alloys go into solution. The level of creep strength achieved at very high temperatures in ODS alloys has not been matched by similar wrought or cast alloys. The processing techniques...
Abstract
Oxide - dispersion - strengthened (ODS) materials utilize extremely fine oxide dispersion for strengthening, such as nickel-base alloys or alumina. The processing techniques employed in the production of ODS alloys produce some entrapped gases, which tend to create porosity during welding that can be rectified by suitable designing considerations. This article discusses certain successful design strategies employed in joining ODS alloys in consideration with the grain structure. It further provides a brief discussion on different welding processes involved in joining ODS materials, namely, gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, electron-beam and laser-beam welding, resistance welding, furnace brazing, friction welding, and explosion welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... combination of high strength at temperature; resistance to environmental attack (including nitridation, carbonization, oxidation, and sulfidation), excellent creep resistance, creep rupture strength, toughness, and metallurgical stability; useful thermal expansion characteristics; and resistance to thermal...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006266
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... comparison of creep rupture of conventional nickel-base superalloys. (a) 100 h creep-rupture strength of gamma-prime (γ′) nickel alloys compared to solid-solution and carbide-strengthened alloys. (b) 1000 h creep-rupture strength of some selected nickel superalloys with the typical range for wrought alloys...
Abstract
Cast nickel-base alloys are used extensively in corrosive-media and high-temperature applications. This article briefly reviews the common types of heat treatments of nickel alloy castings: homogenization, stress relieving, in-process annealing, full annealing, solution annealing, quenching, coating diffusion, and precipitation. It describes the three general strengthening mechanisms, namely, solid-solution hardening, age hardening, and carbide precipitation. The article summarizes the typical heat treatment of the general families of nickel-base castings used in industrial applications. It focuses on the solution treatment and age hardening of cast nickel-base superalloys and the heat treatment of cast solid-solution alloys for corrosion-resisting applications. The article also discusses the typical types of atmospheres used in annealing or solution treating: exothermic, endothermic, dry hydrogen, dry argon, and vacuum.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002410
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... of these strengthening mechanisms is beyond the scope of this article. Instead, they will be discussed only as they pertain to fracture, fatigue, and creep. Precipitation hardening of nickel-base superalloys has been exhaustively studied and has an elegant fundamental basis. For more detailed information...
Abstract
This article discusses fracture, fatigue, and creep of nickel-base superalloys with additional emphasis on directionally solidified and single-crystal applications. It analyzes the physical metallurgy of these alloys. The effects of grain boundary and grain size on failure are summarized. The article also discusses the effects of microstructure and extrinsic parameters on fatigue crack propagation (FCP). It details the modeling of FCP rates and creep and creep-fatigue crack growth rates.