In addition to failures in shafts, this article discusses failures in connecting rods, which translate rotary motion to linear motion (and conversely), and in piston rods, which translate the action of fluid power to linear motion. It begins by discussing the origins of fracture. Next, the article describes the background information about the shaft used for examination. Then, it focuses on various failures in shafts, namely bending fatigue, torsional fatigue, axial fatigue, contact fatigue, wear, brittle fracture, and ductile fracture. Further, the article discusses the effects of distortion and corrosion on shafts. Finally, it discusses the types of stress raisers and the influence of changes in shaft diameter.

Metalworking is one of the three major technologies used to fabricate metal products. This article tabulates the classification of metal forming processes. It discusses different types of metalworking equipment, including rolling mills, ring-rolling machines, and thread-rolling and surface-rolling machines. The article outlines the significant characteristics of pressing-type machines: load and energy characteristics, time-related characteristics, and accuracy characteristics. It summarizes different specialized processes such as advanced roll-forming methods, equal-channel angular extrusion, incremental forging, and microforming. The article describes the thermomechanical processing of nickel- and titanium-base alloys and concludes with information on the advancements in process simulation.

Both hot and cold forgings are batch-type processes in which steady-state conditions are never fully achieved and the initial lubricant supply must perform adequately for the duration of the operation. This article discusses methods to measure lubricant effectiveness and wear. It describes the mixed-film lubrication and solid film lubrication in cold forging, as well as solid film lubrication and thick film lubrication in hot forging. The article reviews the factors affecting abrasive wear: die hardness, workpiece temperature, and lubrication and die temperature. It concludes with information on ways to improve resistance to abrasive wear.