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Book Chapter
Detection and Monitoring of Fatigue Cracks
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article describes the test techniques that are available for monitoring crack initiation and crack growth and for obtaining information on fatigue damage in test specimens. These techniques include optical methods, the compliance method, electric potential measurement, and gel...
Abstract
This article describes the test techniques that are available for monitoring crack initiation and crack growth and for obtaining information on fatigue damage in test specimens. These techniques include optical methods, the compliance method, electric potential measurement, and gel electrode imaging methods. The article discusses the magnetic techniques that are primarily used as inspection techniques for detecting fatigue cracks in structural components. It details the principles and operation procedures of the liquid penetrant methods, positron annihilation techniques, acoustic emission techniques, ultrasonic methods, eddy current techniques, infrared techniques, exoelectron methods, and gamma radiography. The article explains the microscopy methods used to determine fatigue crack initiation and propagation. These include electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning acoustic microscopy. The article also reviews the X-ray diffraction technique used for determining the compositional changes, strain changes, and residual stress evaluation during the fatigue process.
Book Chapter
Behavior of Small Fatigue Cracks
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002358
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article defines different types of small cracks and identifies the different factors that influence small-crack behavior. Appropriate analysis techniques, including both rigorous scientific and practical engineering treatments, are briefly described. Important material data issues...
Abstract
This article defines different types of small cracks and identifies the different factors that influence small-crack behavior. Appropriate analysis techniques, including both rigorous scientific and practical engineering treatments, are briefly described. Important material data issues are addressed, including increased scatter in small-crack data and recommended small-crack test methods. The article highlights the applications where small cracks may be particularly important.
Book Chapter
Infrared Imaging for Corrosion, Disbondments, and Cracks
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003657
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... active thermography. The components include an excitation source, a thermographic camera, and a computer with software that controls the instrumentation, acquires data, and displays the results. The article discusses the process and experimental setup of sonic thermography used for crack detection...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of the various aspects of infrared pulse thermography used to detect disbondments, delaminations, and generalized corrosion. It describes the distinctive phases of the pulse thermographic process and the key components that are required to perform active thermography. The components include an excitation source, a thermographic camera, and a computer with software that controls the instrumentation, acquires data, and displays the results. The article discusses the process and experimental setup of sonic thermography used for crack detection.
Image
Example of quench cracks on the head of AISI 1040 steel bolts. Cracks were ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 93 Example of quench cracks on the head of AISI 1040 steel bolts. Cracks were caused by incomplete development of the case. (a) Bolt heads at 0.72×; cracks accentuated using magnetic particles. (b) Quench crack near a corner. Etched with 2% nital. 54×. (c) Opened quench crack with arrows
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Image
Slip band cracks on quenched and tempered AISI 4140. The cracks form most o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 355 Slip band cracks on quenched and tempered AISI 4140. The cracks form most often in more ductile metals during fatigue crack growth on multiple slip planes. Their formation is due to the restraint imposed on reverse slip by large carbides or other second-phase particles in conjunction
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Image
Typical micrographs of cracks in feedwater heater steels. (a) Cracks identi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Typical micrographs of cracks in feedwater heater steels. (a) Cracks identified as corrosion fatigue mixed with SCC. 50×. (b) Corrosion-fatigue crack morphology alternating with corrosion pits and transgranular cracking. 100×
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Image
Thermal cracks in a cemented carbide insert. The thermal cracks are perpend...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1989
Fig. 10 Thermal cracks in a cemented carbide insert. The thermal cracks are perpendicular to the cutting edge, and the mechanical cracks are parallel to the cutting edge. 15×
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Image
Typical micrographs of cracks in feedwater heater steels. (a) Cracks identi...
Available to Purchase
in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 80 Typical micrographs of cracks in feedwater heater steels. (a) Cracks identified as corrosion fatigue mixed with stress-corrosion cracking. Original magnification: 50×. (b) Corrosion-fatigue crack morphology alternating with corrosion pits and transgranular cracking. Original
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Image
Morphology of propagating cracks. (a) Transgranular cracks. (b) Intergranul...
Available to Purchase
in Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 38 Morphology of propagating cracks. (a) Transgranular cracks. (b) Intergranular cracks. (c) Overall appearance of propagating cracks. Source: Ref 15
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Image
Thermal cracks in a cemented carbide insert. The thermal cracks are perpend...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 9 Thermal cracks in a cemented carbide insert. The thermal cracks are perpendicular to the cutting edge, and the mechanical cracks are parallel to the cutting edge. 15×
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Image
Quench cracks formed in oil-quenched tool steel die. Cracks originated from...
Available to Purchase
in Problems Associated with Heat Treated Parts
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 2 Quench cracks formed in oil-quenched tool steel die. Cracks originated from the sharp corners of the keyway and from holes that were located too close to the surface.
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Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Image
Solidification cracks found in aluminum 7075. (a) Cracks along the build di...
Available to Purchase
in Introduction to Materials and Processes for Additive Manufacturing/Alloy Design and Materials Selection
> Additive Manufacturing Design and Applications
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 6 Solidification cracks found in aluminum 7075. (a) Cracks along the build direction. (b) Crack-initiation sites due to the presence of porosity in the microstructure. Source: Ref 51
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Image
Thermal cracks in a cemented carbide insert. The thermal cracks are perpend...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1990
Fig. 10 Thermal cracks in a cemented carbide insert. The thermal cracks are perpendicular to the cutting edge, and the mechanical cracks are parallel to the cutting edge. 15×
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Book Chapter
Effect of Crack Shape on Fatigue Crack Growth
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article summarizes the aspects of crack shape and irregularity that are relevant to fatigue and fracture of surface cracks. It discusses the nature of three-dimensional surface cracks and variables that influence crack shape. These variables include the grain size, residual...
Abstract
This article summarizes the aspects of crack shape and irregularity that are relevant to fatigue and fracture of surface cracks. It discusses the nature of three-dimensional surface cracks and variables that influence crack shape. These variables include the grain size, residual stresses, texture, loading mode, environment, and crack coalescence. Measurement of crack shapes or aspect ratios during fatigue crack growth can be performed by a number of techniques. The article describes the estimation of the stress-intensity factor for arbitrarily-shaped cracks and failure prediction methods for arbitrarily-shaped flaws.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article commences with a discussion on the characteristics of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and describes crack initiation and propagation during SCC. It reviews the various mechanisms of SCC and addresses electrochemical and stress-sorption theories. The article explains...
Abstract
This article commences with a discussion on the characteristics of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and describes crack initiation and propagation during SCC. It reviews the various mechanisms of SCC and addresses electrochemical and stress-sorption theories. The article explains the SCC, which occurs due to welding, metalworking process, and stress concentration, including options for investigation and corrective measures. It describes the sources of stresses in service and the effect of composition and metal structure on the susceptibility of SCC. The article provides information on specific ions and substances, service environments, and preservice environments responsible for SCC. It details the analysis of SCC failures, which include on-site examination, sampling, observation of fracture surface characteristics, macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, chemical analysis, metallographic analysis, and simulated-service tests. It provides case studies for the analysis of SCC service failures and their occurrence in steels, stainless steels, and commercial alloys of aluminum, copper, magnesium, and titanium.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002357
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article describes the types of closure mechanisms, including plasticity-induced, roughness-induced, oxide-induced, and fretting-debris-induced. It discusses test techniques used to establish a valid threshold value for aluminum alloy crack growth thresholds, steel crack growth...
Abstract
This article describes the types of closure mechanisms, including plasticity-induced, roughness-induced, oxide-induced, and fretting-debris-induced. It discusses test techniques used to establish a valid threshold value for aluminum alloy crack growth thresholds, steel crack growth thresholds, and titanium alloy crack growth thresholds. The near-threshold behavior of nickel-base superalloys is described. The article briefly reviews the threshold results for fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, and particulate-re-inforced metal-matrix alloys. It explains the near-threshold fatigue crack propagation in welded joints and the fundamental considerations for modeling threshold behavior. The article concludes with a discussion on the effects of thresholds in the engineering design process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003633
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a phenomenon in which time-dependent crack growth occurs when the necessary electrochemical, mechanical, and metallurgical conditions exist. This article provides an overview of the environmental phenomenon, mechanisms, and controlling parameters...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a phenomenon in which time-dependent crack growth occurs when the necessary electrochemical, mechanical, and metallurgical conditions exist. This article provides an overview of the environmental phenomenon, mechanisms, and controlling parameters of SCC. It describes the phenomenological and mechanistic aspects of the initiation and propagation of SCC. The article includes a phenomenological description of crack initiation and propagation that describes well-established experimental evidence and observations of stress corrosion. Discussions on mechanisms describe the physical process involved in crack initiation and propagation. The article also includes information on dissolution models and mechanical fracture models.
Book Chapter
Environmental Stress Cracking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006917
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract While there are many fracture mechanisms that can lead to the failure of a plastic component, environmental stress cracking (ESC) is recognized as one of the leading causes of plastic failure. This article focuses on unpacking the basic concepts of ESC to provide the engineer...
Abstract
While there are many fracture mechanisms that can lead to the failure of a plastic component, environmental stress cracking (ESC) is recognized as one of the leading causes of plastic failure. This article focuses on unpacking the basic concepts of ESC to provide the engineer with a better understanding of how to evaluate and prevent it. It then presents factors that affect and contribute to the susceptibility of plastic to ESC: material factors, chemical factors, stress, and environmental factors. The article includes the collection of background information to understand the circumstances surrounding the failure, a fractographic evaluation to assess the cracking, and analytical testing to evaluate the material, design, manufacturing, and environmental factors.
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