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Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 2 Relation of measuring coverage to peening time. Coverage is considered full at time t , if doubling exposure to time 2 t results in change in arc height less than 10%.
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 26 Histograms indicating the coverage and distribution of sulfur on intergranular fracture surfaces of vacuum-melted nickel for two heat treatments.
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Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 28 Effect of sulfur grain-boundary coverage on the fracture mode and ductility.
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Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 1 Area coverage as a function of exposure time in shot peening
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Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 5 Design features that cause shadowing or poor coverage because of line-of-sight limitations
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Image
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 2 Surface coverage and desorption rate modeled from the Polanyi-Wigner equation ( Eq 5 ) for first-order desorption with an activation energy ( E d ) of 30 kcal/mol from 200 to 400 K (−75 to 125 °C)
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Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 6 A graphical depiction of the relationship between the coverage factor k and the confidence level on a hypothetical normal distribution.
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 16 Correlation between weighted grain-boundary coverage by the embrittling constituents and impact toughness, which decreases by 3.5 J per % grain boundary coverage from a nominal value of 185 J. The grain-boundary coverage was estimated for each embrittling constituent by examining 100
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005954
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... Abstract This article summarizes some of the effects of the major alloying elements in low-alloy steels and the heat treating for some common types of low-alloy steels. Coverage includes common alloys of the following low-alloy steel types: low-alloy manganese steels, low-alloy molybdenum...
Abstract
This article summarizes some of the effects of the major alloying elements in low-alloy steels and the heat treating for some common types of low-alloy steels. Coverage includes common alloys of the following low-alloy steel types: low-alloy manganese steels, low-alloy molybdenum steels, low-alloy chromium-molybdenum steels, low-alloy nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels, low-alloy nickel-molybdenum steels, low-alloy chromium steels, low-alloy chromium-vanadium steels, and low-alloy silicon-manganese steels. The article reviews heat treating parameters and processing considerations for each category of steel, including spherodizing, normalizing, annealing, hardening, and tempering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005931
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Abstract Heat treating furnaces require different control systems and integration for achieving optimum technical results and enabling safe operation. This article focuses on atmosphere furnaces, with some coverage on controls for vacuum furnaces. Heat treating operations require reliable...
Abstract
Heat treating furnaces require different control systems and integration for achieving optimum technical results and enabling safe operation. This article focuses on atmosphere furnaces, with some coverage on controls for vacuum furnaces. Heat treating operations require reliable monitoring and control of motion and position of various mechanical components with the help of mechanical limit switches, proximity sensors, and distance- and position-measuring devices. Using inputs from both flow meters and sensors, such as thermocouples and oxygen sensors, flow measurement control systems must be able to adjust the flow of gases for process optimization. The operator interface of a furnace-control system displays critical information such as the furnace temperature, atmosphere status, alarms, electronic chart recorders, recipe, and maintenance. A supervisory control and data-acquisition (SCADA) system is used to monitor, collect, and store data from multiple pieces of equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006521
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract Chemical conversion coatings are adherent surface layers of low-solubility oxide, phosphate, chromate, and chromate-free compounds produced by the reaction of suitable reagents with the metallic surface. This article provides an overview on chromate-free coatings, along with coverage...
Abstract
Chemical conversion coatings are adherent surface layers of low-solubility oxide, phosphate, chromate, and chromate-free compounds produced by the reaction of suitable reagents with the metallic surface. This article provides an overview on chromate-free coatings, along with coverage on the processes of low-solubility oxide, phosphate, and chromate conversion coating. Some applications using chemical conversion coatings on various aluminum alloys are given in a table. The article also provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of chromate conversion coatings. It concludes a discussion on organic-based coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... visual inspection, and non-invasive inspection. Inspection execution, risk-based inspection, competence assurance of inspection personnel, inspection coverage, inspection periodicity, inspection anomaly criteria, assessment of fitness, and reporting requirements, are also discussed. The article addresses...
Abstract
This article focuses on the aspects associated with inspection related to pressure vessels and pipework. These aspects include inspection policy, inspection planning and procedures, inspection strategy, inspection methodology, preparation for inspection, invasive inspection, internal visual inspection, and non-invasive inspection. Inspection execution, risk-based inspection, competence assurance of inspection personnel, inspection coverage, inspection periodicity, inspection anomaly criteria, assessment of fitness, and reporting requirements, are also discussed. The article addresses the data acquisition, reporting and trending, and review and audit for the inspection. It reviews inspection techniques, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and radiographic inspection.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... variables, applications, and limitations of shot peening and provides information on peening action, surface coverage, and peening intensity. It discusses the equipment used for shot recycling and shot propelling as well as the types and sizes of media used for peening. The article describes the problems...
Abstract
Shot peening is a method of cold working in which compressive stresses are induced in the exposed surface layers of metallic parts by the impingement of a stream of shot, directed at the metal surface at high velocity under controlled conditions. This article focuses on the major variables, applications, and limitations of shot peening and provides information on peening action, surface coverage, and peening intensity. It discusses the equipment used for shot recycling and shot propelling as well as the types and sizes of media used for peening. The article describes the problems in shot peening of production parts. It concludes with information on the SAE standard J442 that describes the test strips, strip holder, and gage used in measuring shot peening intensity.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... with discussion about the concept of the probability of detection (POD), on which the statistical reliability of crack detection is based. The coverage includes the various methods of surface inspection, including visual-examination tools, scanning technology in dimensional metrology, and the common methods...
Abstract
Nondestructive testing (NDT), also known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE), includes various techniques to characterize materials without damage. This article focuses on the typical NDE techniques that may be considered when conducting a failure investigation. The article begins with discussion about the concept of the probability of detection (POD), on which the statistical reliability of crack detection is based. The coverage includes the various methods of surface inspection, including visual-examination tools, scanning technology in dimensional metrology, and the common methods of detecting surface discontinuities by magnetic-particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and eddy-current testing. The major NDE methods for internal (volumetric) inspection in failure analysis also are described.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006559
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Abstract Directed-energy deposition (DED) is a kind of additive manufacturing (AM) technology based on synchronous powder feeding or wire feeding. This article provides a comprehensive coverage of DED for ceramic AM, beginning with an overview of DED equipment setup, followed by a discussion...
Abstract
Directed-energy deposition (DED) is a kind of additive manufacturing (AM) technology based on synchronous powder feeding or wire feeding. This article provides a comprehensive coverage of DED for ceramic AM, beginning with an overview of DED equipment setup, followed by a discussion on DED materials and the DED deposition process. The bulk of the article is devoted to the discussion on the microstructure and properties of oxide ceramics, namely alumina and zirconia ceramics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract Bending is a common metalworking operation to create localized deformation in sheets (or blanks), plates, sections, tubes, and wires. This article emphasizes on the bending of sheet metal along with some coverage on flanging. It informs that variations in the bending stresses cause...
Abstract
Bending is a common metalworking operation to create localized deformation in sheets (or blanks), plates, sections, tubes, and wires. This article emphasizes on the bending of sheet metal along with some coverage on flanging. It informs that variations in the bending stresses cause springback after bending, and discusses the variables and their effects on springback, as well as the methods to overcome or counteract them. These methods include overbending, bottoming or setting, and stretch bending. The article provides information on elastic bending, non-cylindrical bending, elastic-plastic bending, and pure plastic bending. Sheet metal bendability is a critical factor in many forming operations. The article illustrates the derivation of two relevant bend-ductility equations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005162
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article reviews the selection and formability characteristics of steels, with an emphasis on low-carbon steels and some coverage on the forming of high-carbon steels. It describes the key factors that affect the formability of steels in terms of steelmaking practices, surface...
Abstract
This article reviews the selection and formability characteristics of steels, with an emphasis on low-carbon steels and some coverage on the forming of high-carbon steels. It describes the key factors that affect the formability of steels in terms of steelmaking practices, surface finishes, metal thicknesses, and alloying. The article explains the bending and forming operations with some examples. It also describes the formation of various shells, including doubly contoured shells, deep recessed shells, and deep circular shells.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002428
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... coverage on alternative roles for specialists, such as materials engineers or scientists, whose expertise is essential to the success of the project. The article discusses the types of teams exhibiting certain characteristics in the sales, accounting, and research departments and from the factory floor...
Abstract
The most effective design teams generally involve a clearly delineated group of individuals who work full time on the specified project from its beginning until market introduction. This article focuses on issues arising in using teams in a product design process. It provides special coverage on alternative roles for specialists, such as materials engineers or scientists, whose expertise is essential to the success of the project. The article discusses the types of teams exhibiting certain characteristics in the sales, accounting, and research departments and from the factory floor to the executive suite. The special characteristics of cross-functional development teams are discussed. The article reviews the staffing of a development team, including team leader, team members, and suppliers on the team. It describes the considerations for organizing a development team, and the role of development team specialists on balancing team needs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006800
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract Materials selection is closely related to the objectives of failure analysis and prevention. This article briefly reviews the general aspects of materials selection as a concern in both proactive failure prevention during design and as a possible root cause of failed parts. Coverage...
Abstract
Materials selection is closely related to the objectives of failure analysis and prevention. This article briefly reviews the general aspects of materials selection as a concern in both proactive failure prevention during design and as a possible root cause of failed parts. Coverage is more conceptual, with general discussions on the following topics: design and failure prevention, materials selection in design, materials selection for failure prevention, and materials selection and failure analysis. Because materials selection is just one part of the design process, the overall concept of design is discussed. The article also describes the role of the materials engineer in the design and materials selection process. It provides information on the significance of materials selection in both the prevention and analysis of failures.