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Rafael Agnelli Mesquita, Reinhold Schneider, Cristiane Sales Gonçalves
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Paul Beiss
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Paul Beiss
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Rafael A. Mesquita, Reinhold E. Schneider
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John A. Beavers, Neil G. Thompson
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Peter A dePoutiloff
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corrosion-resistant tool steels
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Book Chapter
Heat Treating of Mold Steels and Corrosion-Resistant Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005976
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on heat treating practices, namely, carburizing, normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, and nitriding for various grades of mold and corrosion-resistant tool steels. It details the characteristics...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on heat treating practices, namely, carburizing, normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, and nitriding for various grades of mold and corrosion-resistant tool steels. It details the characteristics of various grades of mold and corrosion-resistant tool steels, including type P20, type P20Mod, AISI type 420, and AISI type 440B.
Image
Tempering behavior of corrosion resistant tool steels; AISI 420 and the nit...
Available to Purchase
in Heat Treating of Mold Steels and Corrosion-Resistant Tool Steels
> Heat Treating of Irons and Steels
Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 4 Tempering behavior of corrosion resistant tool steels; AISI 420 and the nitrogen alloyed M333 (AISI 420 Mod). Source: Ref 3 , 6 , 7 , 8
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Book Chapter
Chemical Composition of Powder Metallurgy High-Alloy Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article is a comprehensive collection of tables that list the nominal chemical composition of common powder metallurgy (PM) high-alloy tool steels, namely, PM high-speed, cold working, and corrosion-resistant tool steels. chemical composition cold working tool steel...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of tables that list the nominal chemical composition of common powder metallurgy (PM) high-alloy tool steels, namely, PM high-speed, cold working, and corrosion-resistant tool steels.
Book Chapter
Effects of Alloying on Powder Metallurgy Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... on the dissolution of all carbides, the stoichiometric carbon content is a function of the austenitizing temperature. The relevant steels are separated into three alloy groups: high-speed, cold-working, and corrosion-resistant tool steels, for each of which different assumptions must be made. A common assumption...
Abstract
This article describes the effects of undissolved carbides formed by segregation of alloying elements on the hardness of the powder-metallurgical (PM) high-alloy tool steels (HATS). It explains the calculation of exact stoichiometric carbon content that depends on the required martensite hardness, amount of carbon forming alloying elements, types of undissolved carbides during austenitizing, and the densities of the carbides. Microhardness values for carbides in HATS are also listed.
Book Chapter
Cemented Carbides and Cermets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... steel and cermets. Compared to tool steels, cemented carbides are harder and more wear resistant, but also exhibit lower fracture resistance and thermal conductivities than tool steels. Cermets, on the other hand, are more wear resistant than cemented carbides, but may not be as tough. The performance...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a ductile metal binder. Cermet refers to a composite of a ceramic material with a metallic binder. This article discusses the manufacture, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides. It describes the application of hard coatings to cemented carbides by physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD or CVD). Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, submicron tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, and alloys containing tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, and cobalt are used for machining applications. The article also provides an overview of cermets used in machining applications.
Book Chapter
Chemical Vapor Deposition and Related Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003218
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the properties of typical CVD coating materials for wear and corrosion resistance. Coatings for the cutting tool industry utilize CVD processes, particularly TiC coatings for cemented tungsten carbide tools and TiN and carbonitride coatings for high-speed tool steels and cemented carbide tools. Nearly all...
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) involves the formation of a coating by the reaction of the coating substance with the substrate. Serving as an introduction to CVD, the article provides information on metals, ceramics, and diamond films formed by the CVD process. It further discusses the characteristics of different pack cementation processes, including aluminizing, siliconizing, chromizing, boronizing, and multicomponent coating.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Heat Treating of Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005946
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... steels for (plastic) molding Non-corrosion-resistant mold steels: P- (including new variations) as well as H-, 6F- and L6-type Corrosion-resistant steels: 420-type (including new variations) Due to the diverse applications, selection of the proper tool material for a given application often...
Abstract
Tool steels are an important class of steels due to their distinct applications and their specific heat treating issues. This article provides an overview of the classification and production of tool steels, and discusses the procedures and process control requirements for heat treating principal types of tool steels. It reviews the various heat treating processes, namely, normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, austenitizing, quenching, and tempering, and surface treatments and cold treating. The article also provides information on the applicability of these processes to various types of tool steels.
Book Chapter
External Corrosion of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... . These steels have inadequate alloy additions to be considered corrosion resistant and undergo a variety of corrosion failure modes/mechanisms in underground environments, including general corrosion, pitting corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The terms general corrosion and pitting corrosion...
Abstract
This article describes the mechanisms of differential corrosion cells corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stray direct current corrosion. It discusses the most common causes and contributing factors for corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking, as well as prevention, mitigation, detection, and repair processes.
Book Chapter
Physical Vapor Deposition
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... implantation in the context of research and development applications. corrosion-resistant coatings ion implantation ion plating physical vapor deposition sputtering thermal evaporation wear-resistant coatings PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (PVD) processes involve the formation of a coating...
Abstract
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings are harder than any metal and are used in applications that cannot tolerate even microscopic wear losses. This article describes the three most common PVD processes: thermal evaporation, sputtering, and ion plating. It also discusses ion implantation in the context of research and development applications.
Book Chapter
Secondary Operations for Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., which can result in the appearance of surface rust. Surface contamination with less-noble foreign materials can also lead to loss of corrosion resistance. Stainless steel parts that have not been sintered to a density high enough to eliminate interconnected porosity at the surface are susceptible...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (PM) stainless steels, as with conventional PM steels, are often used in the as-sintered condition. In addition to cost considerations, minimization of postsinter handling and secondary operations is also preferred because it reduces the potential for contamination of the parts with particulates and residues, which can result in the appearance of surface rust. This article provides information on various secondary operations, including tumbling, re-pressing, resin impregnation, annealing or heat treating, brazing, machining, and welding. It describes those aspects relating to welding of PM stainless steels, specifically, the effects of density, residual porosity, and sintered chemistry on weldability. Further, the article investigates the influence the sintering atmosphere has on machinability, as well as differences created by the presence of residual porosity.
Book Chapter
Fabrication of Wrought Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003116
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and corrosion resistance. This article provides a detailed account of such difficulties encountered in the fabrication of wrought stainless steel by forming, forging, cold working, machining, heat treating, and joining processes. Stainless steels are subjected to various heat treatments such as annealing...
Abstract
Fabrication of wrought stainless steels requires use of greater power, more frequent repair or replacement of processing equipment, and application of procedures to minimize or correct surface contamination because of its greater strength, hardness, ductility, work hardenability and corrosion resistance. This article provides a detailed account of such difficulties encountered in the fabrication of wrought stainless steel by forming, forging, cold working, machining, heat treating, and joining processes. Stainless steels are subjected to various heat treatments such as annealing, hardening, and stress relieving. Stainless steels are commonly joined by welding, brazing, and soldering. The article lists the procedures and precautions that should be instituted during welding to ensure optimum corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in the completed assembly.
Image
Martensitic stainless steel pitchforks were rusting before they left the st...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
the necessary mechanical properties. Hot forging produces an oxide scale that has to be removed mechanically or chemically, if the stainless steel is to be corrosion resistant (i.e., be passivated). The water in the quench-tempering bath was found to be high in chloride, which was retained within the oxidized
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Book Chapter
Tribology and Wear of Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Most surface treatments are employed to increase surface hardness and/or wear resistance, minimize adhesion (reduce friction), or improve the corrosion resistance of the tool steel base. Carburizing The processes of case hardening and carburizing are of limited use in tool steel applications...
Abstract
Tool steels are carbon, alloy, and high-speed steels that can be hardened and tempered to high hardness and strength values. This article discusses the classifications of commonly used tool steels: water-hardening tool steels, shock-resisting tool steels, cold-work tool steels, and hot-work tool steels. It describes four basic mechanisms of tool steel wear: abrasion, adhesion, corrosion, and contact fatigue wear. The article describes the factors to be considered in the selection of lubrication systems for tool steel applications. It also discusses the surface treatments for tool steels: carburizing, nitriding, ion or plasma nitriding, oxidation, boriding, plating, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition. The article describes the properties of high-speed tool steels. It summarizes the important attributes required of dies and the properties of the various materials that make them suitable for particular applications. The article concludes by providing information on abrasive wear and grindability of powder metallurgy steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005164
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... in such a way as to maintain the coating integrity and preserve the original purpose of the coating. Most coatings commonly used on sheet steel substrates have corrosion resistance as their primary function, although appearance is often important as well, especially for the organic coatings. Coatings can...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of some common sheet steel coatings available. It discusses the formability differences between coated and bare steel and provides some general guidelines on the forming of coated steels. Coated steels are classified according to the nature of the substrate, the type of coating, and the method used for its application. The article describes various coating types for steels such as zinc-coated steels, aluminum-coated steels, tin-coated steels, terne-coated steels, and organic-coated steels.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005745
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
..., structural steel coatings, transfer chutes, bake ware, and vacuum systems. Here, the intrinsic properties of polymers—such as high chemical resistance, high impact resistance, and high abrasion resistance—are used to advantage. Metals Processing Industries Mold Coatings Mold coatings for foundries...
Abstract
This article reviews the use of thermal spray polymer coatings as a replacement for paints. It discusses the applications of the thermal spray forming process. The article also provides information on the applications of thermal spray in metal processing, textile and plastics, and ceramic and glass manufacturing industries.
Book Chapter
Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys, and high-speed tool steels. cobalt cobalt alloys corrosion-resistant alloys high-temperature alloys mechanical properties mining special-purpose alloys superalloys uses of cobalt wear-resistant alloys COBALT is a tough silvery...
Abstract
Cobalt finds its use in various applications owing to its magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and its strength at elevated temperatures. This article discusses the mining and processing of cobalt and cobalt alloys. It describes the types of cobalt alloys, including wear-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, corrosion-resistant alloys, and special-purpose alloys. The article provides data on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and physical properties of these alloys. Further, it provides information on the uses of cobalt in superalloys, cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys, and high-speed tool steels.
Book Chapter
Pack Cementation Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... by chemical vapor deposition Diffused silicon 925–1040 1700–1900 25 μm–1 mm (1–40 mils) 30–50 Low-carbon steels For corrosion and wear resistance, atmosphere control is critical. Chromizing by chemical vapor deposition Diffused chromium 980–1090 1800–2000 25–50 μm (1–2 mils) Low-carbon steel...
Abstract
Pack cementation is the most widely employed method of diffusion coating. This article briefly reviews pack cementation processes of aluminizing, chromizing, and siliconizing. It contains tables that list typical characteristics of pack cementation processes and commercial applications of pack cementation aluminizing, which is used to improve the performance of steels in high-temperature corrosive environments.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a soft and ductile metal binder. The performance of cemented carbide as a cutting tool lies between that of tool steel and cermets...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a soft and ductile metal binder. The performance of cemented carbide as a cutting tool lies between that of tool steel and cermets. Almost 50% of the total production of cemented carbides is used for nonmetal cutting applications. Their properties also make them appropriate materials for structural components, including plungers, boring bars, powder compacting dies and punches, high-pressure dies and punches, and pulverizing hammers. This article discusses the manufacture, microstructure, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides, as well as their machining and nonmachining applications. It examines the relationship between the workpiece material, cutting tool and operational parameters, and provides suggestions to simplify the choice of cutting tool for a given machining application. It also examines new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin, hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. It discusses the tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool. The article is limited to tungsten carbide cobalt-base materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006382
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... the resistance to abrasive wear to a large degree, for example, for tool steels ( Ref 15 ). Commonly used elements include chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, boron, titanium, nitrogen, and so on. These elements react with carbon and iron to form harder carbides, borides, and nitrides, resulting...
Abstract
Abrasive wear is a surface-damage process with material loss caused by hard asperities or abrasive particles occurring when two surfaces are sliding against each other. There are two types of abrasive wear: two-body abrasion and three-body abrasion. This article discusses the abrasive wear mechanism in ductile materials and commonly used testers for evaluating the resistance of materials to abrasive wear. The testers include pin-on-disk, block-on-ring, block-on-drum, and dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion tester. The article reviews the abrasion resistance of metallic materials, ceramic materials, and polymeric materials. It discusses factors that influence abrasive wear, including the environment, hardness, toughness, microstructure, and lubrication.
Book Chapter
Cast Cobalt Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Cast cobalt alloys were developed to bridge the gap between high-speed steels and carbides. Although comparable in room-temperature hardness to high-speed steel tools, cast cobalt alloy tools retain their hardness to a much higher temperature and can be used at higher cutting speeds...
Abstract
Cast cobalt alloys were developed to bridge the gap between high-speed steels and carbides. Although comparable in room-temperature hardness to high-speed steel tools, cast cobalt alloy tools retain their hardness to a much higher temperature and can be used at higher cutting speeds than high-speed steel tools. This article provides an overview of the processing, properties, and applications of these alloys.
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