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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract This article provides a detailed discussion on the corrosion of steel and stainless steel under insulation. Stress corrosion cracking mechanism, types of alloys susceptible to corrosion, factors influencing corrosion, and corrosion prevention methods, are also discussed...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the corrosion of steel and stainless steel under insulation. Stress corrosion cracking mechanism, types of alloys susceptible to corrosion, factors influencing corrosion, and corrosion prevention methods, are also discussed.
Image
Through wall corrosion under insulation of a large coated carbon steel stor...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 1 Through wall corrosion under insulation of a large coated carbon steel storage tank. Through hole at arrow. Courtesy of Paul Powers, GE Inspection
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Image
Through-wall corrosion under insulation of a large coated carbon steel stor...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 17 Through-wall corrosion under insulation of a large coated carbon steel storage tank. Courtesy of Paul Powers, GE Inspection. See the article “Effects of Process and Environmental Variables” in this Volume.
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Image
(a) Stress-corrosion cracking of copper pipe under elastomeric insulation f...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 5 (a) Stress-corrosion cracking of copper pipe under elastomeric insulation from an in-ground installation. (b) Micrograph of crack. Etched. 50×
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Book Chapter
Corrosion and Remaining Life Assessment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006823
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of the FFS code to assess the serviceability and remaining life of a corroded flare knockout drum from an oil refinery, two fractionator columns affected by corrosion under insulation in an organic sulfur environment, and an equalization tank with localized corrosion in the shell courses in a chemicals...
Abstract
This article illustrates the use of the American Petroleum Institute (API) 579-1/ASME FFS-1 fitness-for-service (FFS) code (2020) to assess the serviceability and remaining life of a corroded flare knockout drum from an oil refinery, two fractionator columns affected by corrosion under insulation in an organic sulfur environment, and an equalization tank with localized corrosion in the shell courses in a chemicals facility. In the first two cases, remaining life is assessed by determining the minimum thickness required to operate the corroded equipment. The first is based on a Level 2 FFS assessment, while the second involves a Level 3 assessment. The last case involves several FFS assessments to evaluate localized corrosion in which remaining life was assessed by determining the minimum required thickness using the concept of remaining strength factor for groove-like damage and evaluating crack-like flaws using the failure assessment diagram. Need for caution in predicting remaining life due to corrosion is also covered.
Image
Effect of temperature on corrosion of steel in water. Data points are from ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 2 Effect of temperature on corrosion of steel in water. Data points are from plant measurements of corrosion under insulation ( Ref 3 ). Closed system, oxygen held in system; open system, oxygen free to escape ( Ref 4 )
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Book Chapter
Corrosion Monitoring Using Microwave and Guided Wave Nondestructive Evaluation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003658
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Challenges in Ultrasonic Guided Wave NDE,” presented at Tri-Service Corrosion Conference ( San Antonio ) 14–18 Jan 2002 16. Bray A.V. , Carbaugh L.H. , Austin R.K. , Rose J.L , Avioli M. , and Quarry M. , Detecting Corrosion Under Insulation In Shipboard Piping II...
Abstract
Microwave and guided wave (GW) nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are capable of detecting corrosion damage, cracks, and other defect types in inaccessible areas. This article describes the operation principles of the techniques and provides information on hidden corrosion detection and the applications of microwave NDE devices and GW ultrasonic NDE devices.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... describes the three primary causes of failure in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals: embedded iron, failures of glass linings, and corrosion under thermal insulation. fluoropolymers graphite nickel nickel alloys stainless steel thermal insulation titanium zirconium glass-lined steel...
Abstract
This article discusses the materials of construction found in pharmaceutical production facilities. The materials discussed are different stainless steels, nickel and nickel-base alloys, titanium, zirconium, impervious graphite, fluoropolymers, and glass-lined steel. The article describes the three primary causes of failure in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals: embedded iron, failures of glass linings, and corrosion under thermal insulation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004134
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... Ratcliffe ( Ref 12 ) has noted extensive amounts of external corrosion on metal buildings, particularly under the insulation on those structures. In addition, acceleration of external corrosion due to abrasion from wind-driven glacial silt has been observed near the Antarctic coast. Figure 3 shows what...
Abstract
This article describes the major issues involved in designing systems with acceptable cold-climate corrosion performance. It discusses the methods used to control corrosion in external and internal environments. The article provides information on the various common causes of corrosion in cold climates. These include improper transportation and storage practices; improper operations and maintenance practices; and construction practices.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Control for Military Facilities
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... steam long distances. Steam leaked under the insulation may condense and wet the insulation, leading to additional corrosion. Corrosion under insulation is very hard to detect ( Ref 7 , 8 ). While corrosion can, and does, occur on the outside of steam lines, it is much more likely to occur...
Abstract
The major benefit of the implementation of the corrosion-control technologies at Army installations is the extension of the service life of buildings and other structures. This article reviews the exposure of military facilities and equipment to a wide variety of environmental conditions, including soils, waters, or atmospheres of varying corrosivity. It presents the case studies illustrating typical examples of the types of corrosion problems found on military installations. The article describes the various corrosion-control technologies used in military facilities. These include protective coatings and linings, cathodic protection, advanced materials selection and design, water treatment, equipment inspection and monitoring, and below-grade moisture mitigation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003703
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... significantly reduce the desired service lifetime, because local defects (anodes) effectively multiply the risk of localized corrosion. Corrosion under Insulation Insulation can create an area for potential corrosion attack, although most problems arise because of poor installation. Insulation types...
Abstract
Unexpected and frequently costly failures occur due to the lack of sound and reliable engineering design. Therefore, designing against corrosion is essential for reducing such failures. This article provides a discussion on design considerations and general corrosion awareness. It details the functional requirements, such as design and materials selection, which assist in controlling corrosion in different environments. The article also illustrates the design factors that accelerate corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... areas where heated freshwater may be encountered. One area of particular concern is corrosion under insulation when zinc-coated steel pipes are used. Should the insulation become damaged, or otherwise leak, water may gain access to the zinc-coated pipe surface beneath the insulation. Aggressive...
Abstract
The use of zinc in corrosion-protective coatings is due to its higher galvanic activity relative to that of steel. Pure zinc dust provides the best sacrificial protection to steel in a galvanic couple. Zinc-rich coatings can be subcategorized according to the type of binder material used, namely, inorganic and organic zinc-rich coatings. Common inorganic binders such as post-cured water-based alkali metal silicates, self-cured water-based alkali metal silicates, and self-cured solvent-based alkyl silicates, are reviewed. The article also compares inorganic and organic zinc-rich coatings, and discusses the concerns regarding zinc-rich coatings.
Book Chapter
Selected Color Images
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Depot, Jacksonville. See the article “U.S. Navy Aircraft Corrosion” in this Volume. Underinsulation Corrosion Similar to the corrosion taking place due to improper packaging ( Fig. 15 ), trapped moisture under insulation has been of increasing concern in piping systems ( Fig. 16...
Abstract
This article includes a collection of color images that aid in the identification and classification of forms of corrosion in industries and environments. It emphasizes the negative aspects of corrosion and examines the cost and the effort to test, evaluate, simulate, and prevent corrosion. The ability of corrosion to undo the best complex engineered systems has been documented.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of NDE because of the drive by the oil and gas industry in the late 1980s and early 1990s to improve the inspection of corrosion under insulation of their pipelines. Until that time, the only means of detecting the loss of wall thickness of pipes by corrosion were pigging (internal instrument moving...
Abstract
Guided wave testing (GWT) is a method of nondestructive evaluation for the inspection of pipelines. This article focuses mainly on explaining GWT as it is applied in routine established use, covered by standards, in the oil and gas industry and also introduces some of the other contexts in which its use is growing in other evolving applications. It discusses the various guided wave modes and their selection criteria. The article provides information on considerations for mode control and the sensitivity of the GWT to the defect. It also shows some examples of advanced GWT.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Corrosion in Specific Industries
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... in the manufacture and storage of the acids, bases, and solvents. The cross-industry problem of corrosion under insulation is discussed, with a summary of the corrosion mechanism and effective prevention techniques. Corrosion in the Pulp and Paper Industry Corrosion in the pulp and paper industry has been...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the Section “Corrosion in Specific Industries” in the ASM Handbook, Volume 13C:Corrosion: Environments and Industries. This Section applies the fundamental understanding of corrosion and knowledge of materials of construction to practical applications. The industries addressed are nuclear power, fossil and alternative fuel, land transportation, air transportation, microelectronics, chemical processing, pulp and paper, food and beverage, pharmaceutical and medical technology, petroleum and petrochemical, building, and mining and metal processing.
Book Chapter
Electric Rail Corrosion and Corrosion Control
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... for 20 years as a diode-grounded system with an insulated embedded track. The rail had appreciable corrosion where installation of the elastomeric boot was inadequate. There are some advantages to electric rail system operations having substations ungrounded ( Ref 1 , 2 ). When operated ungrounded...
Abstract
This article presents the fundamentals of stray-current corrosion caused by electric rail transit systems. It describes the various corrosion-control design elements for the electric rail system. These design elements include substation spacing and grounding, track and track slab design, and construction acceptance criteria. The impacts of the electric rail construction in underground utilities are discussed. Direct physical interferences, maintenance access encroachments, stray-current effects, and utility relocation design considerations, are discussed. The article also reviews construction issues such as funding, sequencing, and working clearances. It concludes with information on the post-construction monitoring and maintenance for stray-current corrosion control.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Electronic Equipment in Military Environments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... the equipment operational. The basic corrosion concerns of the 1960s were the deterioration of the physical properties of the materials involved in electronic equipment. A report in 1967 compared the fungus resistance of vinyl polymer insulating cable coverings ( Ref 4 ). A 1963 Bell Telephone Labs report...
Abstract
This article provides a historical review of corrosion problems in military electronic equipment. It describes the importance of design for corrosion control of an electronic black box used to contain electrical equipment that provides various functions. The article illustrates corrosion control aspects, such as the position of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and proper location of connectors for insertion of the PCBs. It discusses various materials and alloys considered for connectors, PCB contacts, and circuits. The article concludes with a discussion on the effects of contaminants on the electronic black box.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., and seal arrangements for indication of water ingress and the possibility of corrosion under insulation (CUI). General condition of vessel bridles, float pots, and floats. In addition, liaison with operations personnel is recommended in order to ascertain whether regular blow-down operations have been...
Abstract
This article focuses on the aspects associated with inspection related to pressure vessels and pipework. These aspects include inspection policy, inspection planning and procedures, inspection strategy, inspection methodology, preparation for inspection, invasive inspection, internal visual inspection, and non-invasive inspection. Inspection execution, risk-based inspection, competence assurance of inspection personnel, inspection coverage, inspection periodicity, inspection anomaly criteria, assessment of fitness, and reporting requirements, are also discussed. The article addresses the data acquisition, reporting and trending, and review and audit for the inspection. It reviews inspection techniques, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and radiographic inspection.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Impingement Fig. 59 Copper with elastomeric insulation Stress-corrosion cracking Fig. 67 Nickel, N08330 Sulfidation Fig. 34 , Fig. 35 Ni-Cr-Mo Crevice Fig. 43 Ni-Cu in glass mat Oxidation Fig. 29 , Fig. 30 Ti-3Al-2.5V Hydrogen damage Fig. 68 , Fig. 69 Plastics...
Abstract
This article is a pictorial guide to forms of corrosion that draws attention to common pitfalls or situations that have caused premature corrosion, sometimes with expensive consequences. The examples used are not exhaustive; they highlight the necessity to fully examine materials, conditions, and specific circumstances that together can reduce the anticipated service life of a component or plant. The color images in this article are categorized according to the type of corrosion following the general order that is adopted in Volume 13A of ASM Handbook. The first table of the article provides a categorization of the forms of corrosion. It also provides a reference to articles or sections of articles in Volume 13A that detail the particular corrosion form or mechanism. The second table is a guide listing the figures in this article by material and by the corrosion form or mechanism illustrated.
Book Chapter
Components Susceptible to Dew-Point Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... associated with the nitrate stress-corrosion cracking in heat-recovery steam generators are also discussed. The article presents general comments on the materials selection; plant operation; use of neutralizing additives; and maintenance, good housekeeping, and lagging (insulation). It concludes...
Abstract
Dew-point corrosion occurs when gas is cooled below the saturation temperature pertinent to the concentration of condensable species contained by a gas. This article discusses dew-point corrosion problems in the susceptible areas of dry flue gas handling systems. The corrosion problems associated with the nitrate stress-corrosion cracking in heat-recovery steam generators are also discussed. The article presents general comments on the materials selection; plant operation; use of neutralizing additives; and maintenance, good housekeeping, and lagging (insulation). It concludes with information on guidance for maintaining specific sections of the plant.
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