This article discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the corrosion control methods used in petroleum production (i.e., upstream) and the storage and transportation of oil and gas (i.e., midstream) up to the refinery (i.e., downstream). These control methods include proper material selection, protective coatings, cathodic protection systems, use of inhibitors, use of nonmetallic materials, and control of the environment. The article reviews the aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique to corrosion as encountered in applications involving oil and gas exploration and production. It discusses corrosion problems that are specific to the various types of environments or equipment used in secondary recovery, including producing wells, producing flow lines, and injection wells. Corrosion mitigation methods and guidelines are also discussed for each type of environment.

Corrosion of carbon steel weldments can be due to metallurgical effects, such as preferential corrosion of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or weld metal, or it can be associated with geometrical aspects, such as stress concentration at the weld toe, or creation of crevices due to joint design. This article describes the issues related to corrosion of carbon steel weldments and the remedial measures that have proven to be successful in specific cases. It provides useful information on preferential HAZ corrosion, preferential weld metal corrosion, and galvanic corrosion.

The major benefit of the implementation of the corrosion-control technologies at Army installations is the extension of the service life of buildings and other structures. This article reviews the exposure of military facilities and equipment to a wide variety of environmental conditions, including soils, waters, or atmospheres of varying corrosivity. It presents the case studies illustrating typical examples of the types of corrosion problems found on military installations. The article describes the various corrosion-control technologies used in military facilities. These include protective coatings and linings, cathodic protection, advanced materials selection and design, water treatment, equipment inspection and monitoring, and below-grade moisture mitigation.

This article examines the understanding of persistent material changes produced in stainless alloys during light water reactor (LWR) irradiation based on the fundamentals of radiation damage and existing experimental measurements. It summarizes the overall trends and correlations for irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking. The article addresses the effects of various radiation factors on corrosion. These include radiation-induced segregation at grain boundaries, radiation hardening, mode of deformation, radiation creep relaxation, and radiolysis. The article discusses a variety of approaches for mitigating stress-corrosion cracking in LWRs, in categories of water chemistry, operating guidelines, new alloys, design issues, and stress mitigation. It concludes with a discussion on the irradiation effects of irradiation on corrosion of zirconium alloys in LWR environments.

Stray current can be defined as a current in structures that are underground or immersed in an electrolyte that most often accelerate corrosion on a structure where a positive current leaves the structure to enter the earth or an electrolyte. This article provides a description of the principles of stray current and a discussion on the major types of stray current and their properties and prediction methods. It discusses the consequences of stray current and describes the interference tests used for mapping the path of the stray currents. The article also highlights the methods of mitigating the source of stray current.

This article focuses on the internal corrosion of iron and copper in potable water. It tabulates the corrosion and water-quality problems caused by materials in contact with drinking water. The article provides a theoretical description of the reduction-oxidation reactions in water to analyze the causes of corrosion of metals in contact with water. It discusses the Langelier saturation index and the Larson index for determining corrosion in potable water systems. The article describes the two major ways of mitigation against corrosion in potable water systems. The first is to line the pipe surface physically such that water and dissolved oxygen cannot reach the metal surface and the second is to add chemical inhibitors to alter water chemistry.

This article describes the mechanisms of differential corrosion cells corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stray direct current corrosion. It discusses the most common causes and contributing factors for corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking, as well as prevention, mitigation, detection, and repair processes.

This article focuses on the environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) of structural materials in boiling water reactors (BWRs), reactor pressure vessels, core internals, and ancillary piping. It discusses the effects of water chemistry on materials degradation, mitigation approaches, and their impact on aging management programs. The article reviews the effects of materials, environment, and stress factors on the cracking susceptibility of ferritic and austenitic structural alloys in BWRs. It describes the methods, such as data-based life-prediction approaches and mechanisms-informed life-prediction approaches, for predicting cracking kinetics in BWRs. The article provides information on several EAC mitigation techniques for BWR components, namely material solutions, stress solutions, and environmental solutions.

Uniform corrosion refers to the attack on an exposed metal surface that results in homogeneous thickness loss that is evaluated by mass loss or measurement of thickness change. This article focuses on the various processes involved in mass loss tests, namely, selection and preparation of suitable test specimens, planning of the experimental technique, posttest sample cleaning, data acquisition, and reporting. It further discusses the test variables addressed during the experimental planning and provides an overview of the other test and evaluation methods of evaluating uniform corrosion.

This article reviews a series of serious corrosion problems that have plagued the light water reactor (LWR) industry. It discusses the complex corrosion mechanisms involved, and the development of practical engineering solutions for their mitigation. The article contains tables that present the corrosion history of LWRs, and the ten most expensive operation and maintenance costs of corrosion for a particular reactor site.

Tribocorrosion is the subject dealing with complex, synergistic effects of chemical and mechanical conditions that cause wear. This article begins with a discussion on oxidative wear and corrosive wear, as well as quantitative measurements of corrosion, mechanical wear, and wear-corrosion effects. It illustrates the mechanism of corrosive-abrasive wear and discusses the factors affecting two-body wear. These factors include particle shape, size, density, and hardness; slurry velocity; slurry particle angle of attack; solids concentration in the slurry; hydrodynamic factors; corrosion products and the mass transfer of oxygen. The article describes slurry particle impingement tests and grinding tribocorrosion tests, as well as the factors to be considered for mitigating corrosive wear, such as materials selection, surface treatments, and environment modifications.

This article provides an overview of the electrochemical nature of corrosion and analyzes corrosion-related failures. It describes corrosion failure analysis and discusses corrective and preventive approaches to mitigate corrosion-related failures of metals. These include: change in the environment; change in the alloy or heat treatment; change in design; use of galvanic protection; use of inhibitors; use of nonmetallic coatings and liners; application of metallic coatings; use of surface treatments, thermal spray, or other surface modifications; corrosion monitoring; and preventive maintenance.

Filiform corrosion has been observed to occur under a wide range of organic coatings and proceeds with the same general characteristics on steel, aluminum, and magnesium. This article describes the standard tests for filiform corrosion, characteristics and mechanisms of filiform corrosion in steels, as well as coated aluminum and magnesium. It concludes with information on the prevention and mitigation of filiform corrosion accomplished through the adjustment of the environment and changes in the substrate and coating systems.

Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a form of corrosion and produces wastage in that the stress-corrosion cracks penetrate the cross-sectional thickness of a component over time and deteriorate its mechanical strength. Although there are factors common among the different forms of environmentally induced cracking, this article deals only with SCC of metallic components. It begins by presenting terminology and background of SCC. Then, the general characteristics of SCC and the development of conditions for SCC as well as the stages of SCC are covered. The article provides a brief overview of proposed SCC propagation mechanisms. It discusses the processes involved in diagnosing SCC and the prevention and mitigation of SCC. Several engineering alloys are discussed with respect to their susceptibility to SCC. This includes a description of some of the environmental and metallurgical conditions commonly associated with the development of SCC, although not all, and numerous case studies.

This article discusses the effects of parameters on corrosivity and explains why it is critical to examine the parameter interactions prior to capturing the synergistic effects of the parameters on corrosion. It examines the methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines. The article reviews methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for pipelines. Real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed. The article also presents the case studies for multi-technique electrochemical corrosion monitoring.

This article discusses the principles of corrosion and the basis of the various prevention measures that can be taken for different corrosion modes. It describes aqueous corrosion phenomena in terms of the electrochemical reactions that occur at the metal-environment interface. The article explains the specific forms of corrosion, including general corrosion, localized attack, and environmentally assisted cracking. It provides a discussion on the engineering aspects of design that can, without due care and attention, precipitate unexpected premature failure. The article reviews ways to improve corrosion awareness and prevent corrosion/degradation. It describes a life prediction method with an example of environmental degradation in light-water nuclear reactors. The article concludes with a discussion on the validation of life-prediction algorithms and their applications.