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Anne E. Miller, Paul B. Fischer, Allen D. Feller, Tatyana N. Andryushchenko, Kenneth C. Cadien
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Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 4 Tafel plot to determine corrosion current density. β A and β C , anodic and cathodic Tafel coefficients; j , applied current density; j corr , corrosion current density E , potential; E corr , corrosion potential
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 Graphs showing the galvanic-corrosion current density i galv , of ultrapure aluminum (99.999 wt%), 1100 Al, or 6061-T6 Al as a function of the area fraction X C of P100 Gr E , SiC MF E , B MF E , hot-pressed (HP) SiC, HP TiB 2 , and silicon for exposure to aerated 3.15 wt% NaCl
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005683
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests...
Abstract
The interaction of an implant with the human body environment may result in degradation of the implant, called corrosion. This article discusses the corrosion testing of metallic implants and implant materials. The corrosion environments for medical implants are the extracellular human body fluids, very complex solutions containing electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, inorganic and organic constituents, and gases. The article describes the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion testing and provides a brief discussion on various types of corrosion tests. It illustrates corrosion current density determination by Tafel extrapolation, potentiodynamic measurement of the polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance measurement, and potentiostatic deaeration. Tests combining corrosion and mechanical forces, such as fretting corrosion tests, environment-assisted cracking tests, and ion-leaching tests are also discussed.
Image
Published: 01 June 2012
Fig. 3 Theoretical polarization curve for an electrode in the state of passivity, and corrosion current density determination by Tafel extrapolation
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in Chemical-Mechanical Planarization for Semiconductors
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 7 Effect of H 2 O 2 additions on polarization behavior of copper in 0.01 M citrate solutions. I c , corrosion current density. SCE, saturated calomel electrode reference
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Published: 15 June 2019
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Published: 01 January 2005
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 18 Sample polarization resistance data showing determination of corrosion current density, i corr , from R p . The slope at E oc is called the polarization resistance, R p . The Tafel slopes, b a and b c , must be obtained from anodic and cathodic polarization experiments
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Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0006547
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... are related by: (Eq 2) ε ( I ) = η ( I ) + b log ( I o / I corr ) where I corr is the corrosion current density. Ignoring the semantic differences between potential and voltage, the definitions used here are overpotential η= E − E o and polarization...
Abstract
Overpotential is the current-producing potential difference between a nonequilibrium electrode potential and its corresponding equilibrium value for an electrode reaction. This article provides information on the overpotential of an electrode reaction. It contains a table that lists the values based on the electrode reaction. Because overpotential is a kinetic parameter and depends on current density, overpotential values presented are for a specific current density.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001296
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... measurements, a defined current flow is applied. In both methods, the potential of the measurement electrode is measured by use of the reference electrode. Tafel Extrapolation An application of polarization measurements is the determination of corrosion current density using the Tafel extrapolation...
Abstract
This article focuses on the testing and typical corrosion behavior of coating-substrate systems in aqueous solutions and humid aggressive atmospheres. It includes a short review of the fundamentals of corrosion, followed by a discussion of specific system behavior, electrochemical and laboratory accelerated tests, and simulated service tests. The article also contains examples of different types of corrosion damage and presents guidelines for improving corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003719
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) Hz hertz ANSI American National Standards Institute EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer i current density; current API American Petroleum Institute (rubber) Eq equation (also used to label inequalities icorr corrosion current (density) AS arti cial seawater icrit...
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0006540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... scale designation, such as HRC for Rockwell C hardness HV Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness Hz Hertz i current density; current icorr corrosion current (density) icrit critical current for passivation ip passive current density I current; current density Iappl applied current Icorr corrosion current IC...
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003839
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Applied potential E pit Pitting potential g Gaseous state Gr Graphite Gr E Graphite electrode with fiber ends exposed HP Hot pressed i Current density i corr Corrosion current density i galv Galvanic current density l Liquid state MMC Metal-matrix...
Abstract
This article begins with the discussion on the background of metal-matrix composites (MMC) and moves into a broad description of the general parameters affecting the corrosion of MMC. It discusses the primary sources of MMC corrosion that include galvanic corrosion between MMC constituents, chemical degradation of interphases and reinforcements, microstructure-influenced corrosion, and processing-induced corrosion. The article elaborates on the corrosion behavior of specific aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, stainless steel, lead, depleted uranium, and zinc MMCs systems. It concludes with a description on the corrosion control of MMCs using protective coatings and inhibitors.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... direction on Y-axis (corrosion current density) when compared to as-printed Tafel plots of both gas and water-atomized powders. This indicates that the corrosion current density of the LPBF parts decreased and corrosion potential increased following HIP treatment. Furthermore, the passive region in the LPBF...
Abstract
This article focuses on a study that was performed to understand the effects of powder attributes; process parameters; and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment on the densification, mechanical and corrosion properties, and microstructures of 17-4 PH stainless steel gas- and water-atomized laser-powder bed fusion (LPBF) parts at various energy densities. The results from the study showed the strong dependence of densification, mechanical properties, and microstructures on temperature, pressure, and time during the HIP cycle. The density, ultimate tensile strength, hardness and yield strength of gas and water-atomized LPBF parts increased due to HIP treatment and were higher than as-printed properties. The results also confirmed superior corrosion performance of the HIP treated LPBF parts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003647
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... as the slope of a potential ( E ) versus current density ( i ) curve at E corr , where i = 0: (Eq 2) R p = ( d E d i ) i = 0 = 0 Corrosion current density ( i corr ) is calculated from R p by: (Eq 3) i corr = B / R p where (Eq 4) B...
Abstract
Corrosion resulting from the presence and activities of microbes on metals and metal alloys is generally referred to as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). This article describes the biofilm formation and structure and microbial processes influencing corrosion. It also discusses the electrochemical techniques used to study and monitor MIC and presents examples of their applications to MIC.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... or current density. As in typical potentiodynamic analysis, there is an exponential relationship between the current density and the overpotential or the potential difference between the applied and equilibrium potentials. Some electrochemical techniques used for studying corrosion phenomena for bulk...
Abstract
Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of metals is described as mechanically accelerated corrosion, erosion corrosion, or metallic corrosion enhanced by wear. This article reviews the history, process, chemistry, electrochemistry, and defect issues for CMP. It provides an overview of CMP through a schematic illustration of CMP process equipment. The applications of CMP to tungsten and copper alloys are of prime interest in the semiconductor industry. The article discusses copper CMP and tungsten CMP in detail and analyzes polishing mechanism during CMP by application of direct current potentiodynamic polarization and alternating current impedance measurements. It concludes with information on chemically induced defects such as pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and chemical etching.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003644
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... and technology has been discussed in many textbooks ( Ref 2 , 3 ). The use of mixed-potential theory for the monitoring of corrosion rates was also demonstrated by showing that the slope of a potential versus current density plot at E corr can be used to determine the corrosion rate ( Ref 1 ). Today...
Abstract
This article reviews the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion test methods. The features and requirements of the instrumentation needed for an electrochemical test are briefly discussed. The article provides a discussion on the various electrochemical techniques and tests available for laboratory studies of corrosion phenomena. The techniques and tests include no-applied-signal tests, small-signal polarization tests, large-signal polarization tests, scanning electrode techniques, and miscellaneous techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... in the nonoxidizing acids. The decrease in anodic exchange current density by molybdenum results in an increase in the corrosion potential as a function of increasing molybdenum content. For the oxidizing acids, the effect of increasing chromium and molybdenum are both important, because the anodic curves...
Abstract
Mixtures of acids or acids and salts are of great importance to the chemical process industry (CPI) for use in digestion of solids, as a promoter in reactions, as a scale remover, and as a complexant. This article emphasizes the assessment of the performance of Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo alloys in mixed acids and salts in an objective manner. It tabulates the nominal compositions of pertinent Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo corrosion-resistant alloys. The article describes the acid and acid-plus-salt mixtures classified into the following general categories: nonoxidizing acid mixtures (H 2 SO 4 +H 3 PO 4 ), nonoxidizing acids with halides (H 2 SO 4 +HCl), oxidizing acid mixtures without halides (H 2 SO 4 +HNO 3 ), and oxidizing acid mixtures with halides (HNO 3 +HF). It also illustrates the effect of alloying elements on the corrosion rate in the nonoxidizing mixtures and oxidizing acid mixtures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... [ exp ( α a F ( E − E corr ) R T ) − exp ( − α c F ( E − E corr ) R T ) ] where i corr is the corrosion current density, E is the applied potential, R is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature...
Abstract
This article addresses electrochemical methods for instantaneous rate determination and threshold determination as well as nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Electrochemical methods for the study of galvanic corrosion rates and localized corrosion and evaluation of corrosion rates under paints are also discussed. The article describes nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Methods presented include polarization methods, polarization resistance methods, electrochemical impedance methods, frequency modulation methods, electrochemical noise resistance, potential probe methods, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization methods, potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods, electrochemical noise (EN) methods, scratch-repassivation method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Gravimetric determination of mass loss, electrical-resistance methods, magnetic methods, quartz crystal microbalance method, solution analysis methods, and metrological methods are nonelectrochemical methods. The article presents an electrochemical test that examines the susceptibility of stainless steel alloys to intergranular corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... ESCC electrical resistance HV Rockwell C hardness) kilopascal ETFE potential in the reverse scan of a Health and Safety Executive LMC EVD HVAC (U.K.) LME liquid exp cyclic polarization curve for high-temperature hot corrosion LMIE liter f which the current density HWC Vickers (diamond pyramid) pound F...
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