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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006559
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
..., Copyright 2017, with permission from Elsevier Fig. 36 Growth characteristics of ultrasonic-assisted Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 eutectic ceramic. (a) Influence of ultrasonic power on eutectic spacing. Source: Ref 28 . (b) Influence of ultrasonic power and temperature gradient on growth mechanisms...
Abstract
Directed-energy deposition (DED) is a kind of additive manufacturing (AM) technology based on synchronous powder feeding or wire feeding. This article provides a comprehensive coverage of DED for ceramic AM, beginning with an overview of DED equipment setup, followed by a discussion on DED materials and the DED deposition process. The bulk of the article is devoted to the discussion on the microstructure and properties of oxide ceramics, namely alumina and zirconia ceramics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.9781627081634
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006656
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... with permission of Wiley. Copyright © International Union of Crystallography Fig. 13 Micro x-ray diffraction (XRD) data from the backside of the imager substrate. Inset is the original two-dimensional (2-D) pattern. The X - Y plot is a result of integration of the 2-D pattern and conversion...
Abstract
This article discusses various concepts of micro x-ray diffraction (XRD) used for the examination of materials in situ. The discussion covers the principles, equipment used, sample preparation procedure, considerations for calibrating a detector, steps for performing data analysis, and applications and interpretation of micro-XRD.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006564
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... 640 × 512 (a) High frame rate possible only for subframe areas Fig. 5 A binary template/mask is used to identify areas of the powder image that correspond to the part geometry for six layers of a complex part. Reprinted from Ref 12 , copyright 2017, with permission from Elsevier...
Abstract
This article covers in-line process monitoring of the metal additive manufacturing (AM) methods of laser and electron beam (e-beam) powder-bed fusion (PBF) and directed-energy deposition (DED). It focuses on methods that monitor the component directly throughout the build process. This article is organized by the type of AM process and by the physics of the monitoring method. The discussion covers two types of monitoring possible with the PBF process: monitoring the area of the powder bed and component and monitoring the melt pool created by the laser or e-beam. Methods for layer monitoring include optical and thermal methods that monitor light reflected or emitted in the visible and infrared wavelengths, respectively. Monitoring methods for laser directed-energy deposition (DED) discussed are those that measure the size and shape of the melt pool, the temperature of the melt pool, and the plasma generated by the laser as it interacts with the molten metal.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006550
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Components. J Am Ceram Soc., Wiley Online Library; 2013; 96: 1124–1130, https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.12285 , by permission from Wiley. Copyright © 2019 The American Ceramic Society, all rights reserved. (b) A rotating disk nearly 43 mm in diameter. Source: Ref 7 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.9781627081832
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Fig. 1 Physical phenomena occurring during quenching and their couplings. Source: Ref 4 . Reprinted, with permission, from Materials Performance and Characterization , copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428 Fig. 2 (a) Schematic...
Abstract
This article describes the mechanisms and characteristics of heat transfer in the quenching of steel. This article describes the characterization of boiling heat transfer, including pool boiling, forced convective boiling, and rewetting, which plays a key role in defining the heat-extraction characteristics of a liquid quenchant. It provides information on heat generated microstructural field evolution and information on the analysis and characterization of heat transfer boundary conditions.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627081801
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., but the ductility was slightly lower than expected. Again, the oxygen content slightly exceeded the allowable limit for grade 5 Ti-6Al-4V. The chemical analysis for selected elements of the roll-compacted materials is also shown in Table 2 . Fig. 5 Ametek roll-compacted CP titanium sheet. Copyright 2005...
Abstract
Consolidation of titanium powders at room temperature may be performed by low-cost conventional powder metallurgy processes. This article provides information on various consolidation methods, namely, die pressing, direct powder rolling, and cold isostatic pressing. It also describes the sintering of blended elemental powders, high-strength titanium alloys, and porous material as well as the sintering of titanium powders by microwave heating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.9781627081610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.9781627081849
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Source: Ref 14 Even though fatigue crack growth seems to be mainly transgranular for ductile iron, there are some reports that also show a low percentage of intergranular fracture at lower Δ K levels (between 10 and 15 MPa m 1/2 , approximately...
Abstract
As cast iron parts are extensively applied, fracture events will eventually take place. Consequently, it becomes essential to carry out failure analyses to identify the cause of fracture and to provide corrective actions that allow safe operation. This article presents a description of the main fracture modes and their characteristic fractographic features. It discusses the four principal fracture modes: dimple rupture (or fracture), cleavage, fatigue, and intergranular fracture. The article provides information on special cases of environmentally assisted fracture. It concludes with a description of fractographic analyses for identifying the direction of propagation of a crack.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.9781627081757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.9781627081733
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006681
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... (a) Precession electron diffraction (PED) patterns from various LiBH 4 particles acquired in very low-dose conditions. (b) Refined crystalline structure of LiBH 4 using the PED patterns. Reprinted with permission from Ref 28 . Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society Fig. 10 Schematic diagram...
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) approach enables essentially simultaneous examination of microstructural features through imaging from lower magnifications to atomic resolution and the acquisition of chemical and crystallographic information from small regions of the thin specimen. This article discusses fundamentals of the technique, especially for solving materials problems. Background information is provided to help understand basic operations and principles, including instrumentation, the physics of signal generation and detection, image formation, electron diffraction, and spectrometry techniques with data analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., marked on (a).Source: Ref 67 . Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society Other Metallic Contacts In metallic contacts other than steel or iron, improved lubricating performance with the application of ILs was also reported. Espinosa...
Abstract
This article introduces the structure, tribological properties, advantages, and applications of ionic liquids (ILs) as lubricating media. It discusses the mechanisms of IL lubrication for different contacts. The advances in studies focusing on tribological properties of a wide range of ILs are reviewed. The article concludes with the challenges that limit the applications of ILs in tribology engineering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... and Francis Group, from P.K. Saha, Aerospace Manufacturing Processes , CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2016; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. In direct extrusion, a minimum clearance between the die opening and the container wall is required to avoid the flow...
Abstract
This article discusses two basic forms of extrusion: cold and hot. It provides information on three types of extrusion processes, namely, direct extrusion, reverse extrusion, and hydrostatic extrusion. The article also discusses the mechanics, analysis, tooling and die design of extrusion as well as thermodynamics. The finite-element method suitable for simulation of metal forming processes is explained. The article examines the extrusion defects that are divided into three different categories including surface, subsurface, and internal type. It includes information on friction and lubrication modeling of extrusion processes. The article also discusses the fundamentals of extrusion technology of titanium alloys and aluminum. It concludes with information on two forms of wear in extrusion, namely, adhesive and abrasive wear.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006470
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Acoustic energy transmission across an interface between two semi-infinite media, calculated at normal incidence. Source: Ref 9 . Reprinted with permission from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), © Copyright 1965 Angle of Incidence Only when an ultrasonic wave is incident...
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection is a family of nondestructive methods in which beams of high-frequency mechanical waves are introduced into materials, using transducers, for the detection and characterization of both surface and subsurface anomalies and flaws in the material. This article describes the basic equipment in ultrasonic inspection systems, and lists the advantages and disadvantages of these systems. It discusses the applications of ultrasonic inspection and also the general characteristics of ultrasonic waves in terms of wave propagation, longitudinal waves, transverse waves, surface waves, and lamb waves. The article reviews the major variables in ultrasonic inspection, including frequency, acoustic impedance, angle of incidence, and beam intensity. It discusses the attenuation of ultrasonic beams and provides information on the pulse-echo and transmission methods for implementing ultrasonic inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.9781627081696
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.9781627082075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5