Search Results for copper coatings

This article describes the allotropic modification and atmospheric corrosion of pure tin. Corrosion of pure tin due to oxidation reaction, and reaction with the other gases, water, acids, bases, and other liquid media, is discussed. The article provides information on corrosion behavior on soft solders, pewter, bearing alloys, tin-copper alloys, and tin-silver alloys. It reviews the influence of corrosion on immersion tin coating, tin-cadmium alloy coatings, tin-cobalt coatings, tin-copper coatings, tin-lead coatings, tin-nickel coatings, and tin-zinc coatings. The general properties and corrosion resistance of tinplate are summarized. The article also describes the methods of corrosion testing of coatings; these include an analysis of coating thickness measurements, porosity and rust resistance testing, solderability test, and specific special tests.

The distinguishing feature of the cold spray process, when compared with the conventional thermal spray process, is its ability to produce coatings with high-velocity rather than high-temperature particle jet. This article provides an overview of the cold spray process and the parameters that affect both the process deposition efficiency and properties of the prepared coatings. It describes a variety of cold spray coating materials, namely, pure metals, ferrous and nonferrous metal alloys, composites, and cermets. The article presents various industrial applications of cold spray coatings.

This article provides a detailed account of the various alkaline and acid plating baths used for electrolytic copper plating. Dilute cyanide and Rochelle cyanide baths, high-efficiency sodium and potassium cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide copper plating baths, and alkaline copper pyrophosphate baths, are discussed. The article reviews acid plating baths such as copper sulfate bath and copper fluoborate bath. It also presents information on the surface preparation considerations, bath composition, and operating variables of copper plating as well as the equipment used.

This article describes the principles of operation, operating techniques, equipment selection, and important process variables of air-carbon arc cutting. It also provides information on the safety practices to be followed during the air-carbon arc cutting process.

Carbon arc welding (CAW) utilizes a nonconsumable electrode, made of carbon or graphite, to establish an arc between itself and either a workpiece or another carbon electrode. This article describes the operation modes of the CAW process: single-electrode operation and twin-electrode operation. It presents a schematic representation of typical arrangements for single-electrode and twin-electrode carbon arc welding. Recommended current ranges for carbon and graphite electrodes are listed in a table. The article concludes with information on the applications of the CAW process.

Synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride are among a class of superhard materials from the boron-carbon-nitrogen-silicon family of elements. This article focuses on the two materials, the forms in which they are produced, and their respective properties. Synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride compounds are available in the form of grit and sintered polycrystalline blanks of various size, shape, and composition. The article explains how superabrasive grains made from these materials can be used in lapping, polishing, and grinding applications, and how diamond and boron nitride blanks can be mounted to suitable substrates to form ultrahard cutting edges and tools.

Aluminum components are often plated with other metals to mitigate the effects of corrosion and wear, improve application performance, and extend service life. This article discusses some of the more common aluminum plating processes, including electroplating, immersion plating, and electroless plating, and describes various plating materials and the types of applications in which they are used. It provides critical processing details such as temperatures, ratios, ranges, times, and rates. The article explains how to prepare aluminum components for electroplating, discussing surface roughening, anodizing, and immersion procedures along with expected results.

An induction channel furnace consists of a tiltable furnace vessel with refractory lining onto which an inductor or several inductors are flange mounted. This article includes a discussion on the design for holding and dosed-pouring of the iron melts, design for melting the materials, and refractory lining of furnace vessel. It provides information on the structural changes and refractory lining of channel inductors. The article also includes a discussion on power supplies deployed in channel inductor furnaces: line-frequency power supply for melting iron, and converter power supply for melting nonferrous metals. It concludes with an overview of the inductor cooling circuit.

This guide rates the compatibility of dissimilar structural materials joined together for service in seawater, marine atmosphere, or industrial atmosphere. It contains a table that indicates the material code and most generally effective surface treatment typically used to reduce corrosion of bare metals.

Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) are a class of materials with potential for a wide variety of structural and thermal management applications. They are nonflammable, do not outgas in a vacuum, and suffer minimal attack by organic fluids, such as fuels and solvents. This article presents an overview of the status of MMCs, and provides information on physical and mechanical properties, processing methods, distinctive features, and various types of continuously and discontinuously reinforced aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, superalloy, and intermetallic-matrix composites. It further discusses the property prediction and processing methods for MMCs.

This article describes the benefits that can be achieved by using thermal spray on particular engine parts of an automobile. These include improvement in fuel consumption, wear resistance and bonding, and reduction of oil consumption, exhaust heat loss, and cooling heat loss. Typical engine parts are cylinder blocks, cylinder bores, cast iron cylinder liners, piston rings, connecting rod bearings, turbochargers, engine valve lifters, exhaust system parts, and oxygen sensors. The article also describes the benefits of using thermal spray on transmission parts such as synchronizer rings and torque converters.

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) can be synthesized by vapor phase, liquid phase, or solid phase processes. This article emphasizes the liquid phase processing where solid reinforcements are incorporated in the molten metal or alloy melt that is allowed to solidify to form a composite. It illustrates the three broad categories of MMCs depending on the aspect ratio of the reinforcing phase. The categories include continuous fiber-reinforced composites, discontinuous or short fiber-reinforced composites, and particle-reinforced composites. The article discusses the two main classes of solidification processing of composites, namely, stir casting and melt infiltration. It describes the effects of reinforcement present in the liquid alloy on solidification. The article examines the automotive, space, and electronic packaging applications of MMCs. It concludes with information on the development of select cast MMCs.

This article provides information on predesign surveys and the various testing procedures associated with wastewater treatment plants. These include soil testing, atmospheric testing, and hydrogen sulfide testing. The primary parameters that influence the production of sulfides within the piping system that transports the wastewater to the treatment facility are discussed. The article describes the corrosion performance of various materials in the soil, fluid, and atmospheric exposures. These include concrete, steel, ductile iron, aluminum, copper, brass, stainless steel, and coatings used for wastewater facilities.

Nonferrous metals and alloys are widely used to resist corrosion. This article describes the corrosion behavior of the most widely used nonferrous metals, such as aluminum, copper, nickel, and titanium. It also provides information on several specialty nonferrous products that cannot easily be categorized by elemental base.