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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003741
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Interdiffusion microstructures appear as a region on either side of the original interface of contact between two materials. This article outlines the principles used in analyzing various interdiffusion microstructures: binary systems, copper-base systems, nickel-base systems...
Abstract
Interdiffusion microstructures appear as a region on either side of the original interface of contact between two materials. This article outlines the principles used in analyzing various interdiffusion microstructures: binary systems, copper-base systems, nickel-base systems, and silicide-forming systems. The analysis can be helpful in classifying microstructures and in understanding how they change with alloy composition, especially when thermal history is known. The microstructures also help in identifying microstructural artifacts caused by polishing and in recognizing errors in reported heat treating schedules.
Book Chapter
Infiltration of Carbide Structures
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... The infiltrated phase is typically a copper-base system alloyed with nickel, manganese, and zinc. This enables fabricating bits at a temperature lower than 1200 °C (2190 °F), which is a critical degradation temperature for diamond components (noncobalt bearing). The tungsten and tungsten carbide powders...
Abstract
This article provides information on the infiltration mechanism of carbide structures. It reviews the basic techniques used for metal infiltration, including dip infiltration, contact filtration, gravity feed infiltration, and external-pressure infiltration. The article highlights various applications of contact infiltration in oil, gas, and blast-hole drilling such as fixed-cutter drill bits and diamond-impregnated coring bits. It also discusses the applications of infiltrated carbide material in erosion-resistant cladding.
Book Chapter
Materials for Sliding Bearings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and copper alloys ( Fig. 2 ). Fig. 2 Strength retention at elevated temperatures for aluminum-base bearing alloys Bearing Material Systems Because of the widely varying conditions under which bearings must operate, commercial bearing materials have evolved as specialized engineering...
Abstract
A sliding bearing (plain bearing) is a machine element designed to transmit loads or reaction forces to a shaft that rotates relative to the bearing. This article explains the role of wear damage mechanisms in the design and selection of bearing materials, and its relationship with bearing material properties. Sliding bearings are commonly classified by terms that describe their application; they also are classified according to material construction, as single-metal, bimetal, or trimetal sliding bearings. The article further provides detailed tabular data on the designation and composition of the following types of bearing materials: tin-base alloys, lead-base alloys, copper-base alloys, and aluminum-base alloys. It also briefly discusses the following types of bearing materials: zinc-base alloys, silver-base alloys, gray cast irons, cemented carbides, and nonmetallic bearing materials.
Book Chapter
Friction and Wear of Sliding Bearing Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006412
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., bimetal systems, and trimetal systems. The article describes the designations, nominal compositions, mechanical properties, and applications of various sliding bearing alloys: tin-base alloys, lead-base alloys, copper-base alloys, aluminum-base alloys, silver-base alloys, zinc-base alloys, additional...
Abstract
A sliding bearing (plain bearing) is a machine element designed to transmit loads or reaction forces to a shaft that rotates relative to the bearing. This article discusses the properties of bearing materials. It provides information on bearing material systems: single-metal systems, bimetal systems, and trimetal systems. The article describes the designations, nominal compositions, mechanical properties, and applications of various sliding bearing alloys: tin-base alloys, lead-base alloys, copper-base alloys, aluminum-base alloys, silver-base alloys, zinc-base alloys, additional metallic materials, nonmetallic materials. It describes casting processes, powder metallurgy processes, and electroplating processes. The article also discusses the selection criteria for bearing materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., and various heat-resistant materials. Most combinations of these materials can also be torch brazed. It is necessary to use flux with these materials, except when a phosphorus brazing alloy is used to braze pure copper parts. In this case, the phosphorus acts as the flux. The low-temperature silver-base...
Abstract
Torch brazing utilizes a fuel gas flame as a heat source for the brazing process. This article discusses the advantages, limitations, applications, and key techniques of torch brazing, and presents an overview of the equipment used.
Book Chapter
Application of Clad Brazing Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to be brazed Fixturing methods needed to ensure proper joint contact at the brazing temperature during the brazing cycle Many engine oil coolers are currently made from stainless steel and use copper as the brazing filler metal. This base metal and filler metal combination is also available as a clad...
Abstract
Fabrication of high-density heat exchangers, which have a large heat transfer area and a compact size, is best accomplished by brazing where the brazing filler metal is clad to the materials to be brazed. This article focuses on the brazing procedures involved in the fabrication of high-density heat exchangers. The brazing procedures include base metal and brazing filler metal selection; fabrication of clad brazing materials; and stamping, cleaning, and assembling of cladded parts. The article concludes with an examination of brazing parameters.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003834
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... that cannot be obtained in a single material. The early use of clad metals in the jewelry industry combined the aesthetics of precious metals with the low-cost strength of base metals. These materials systems are currently being used for electrical and electronics applications, such as contacts and connectors...
Abstract
This article describes the principal cladding processes and methods for calculating properties of clad metals. It reviews the designing processes of clad metals to achieve specific requirements. The article discusses six categories of clad metal systems designed for corrosion control: noble metal clad systems, corrosion barrier systems, sacrificial metal systems, transition metal systems, complex multilayer systems, and clad diffusion alloys.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005288
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., patented their Unicast system for continuous casting brass and bronze rods ( Ref 11 ). 1957 The Swiss company Alfred Wertli introduced the first industrial horizontal continuous caster for the production of cast iron rods and later expanded into continuous casting plants for a full range of copper-base...
Abstract
This article reviews the history and methods of copper alloy continuous casting. These methods include vertical continuous casting and horizontal continuous casting. The article discusses the upcasting methods used in vertical continuous casting and strip casting used in horizontal continuous casting. The article also describes the methods and processes of wheel casting and the Ohno continuous casting method.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... material. In contrast to copper, which forms a soft matrix in copper-base sintered friction materials, iron forms a harder matrix consisting of a mixture of ferrite and pearlite in iron-base sintered friction materials. Therefore, copper and iron provide different characteristics of friction materials...
Abstract
Friction materials are the components of a mechanism that converts mechanical energy into heat upon sliding contact. This article discusses the selection criteria, manufacturing process, and applications of friction powder metallurgy materials. It provides information on the manufacturing process of powder metallurgy friction materials through a process of mixing/blending, compacting, and sintering. The final machining that they undergo, to ensure that they meet dimensional specifications, is also discussed.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
...-copper and aluminum-silicon; binary peritectic systems: copper-zinc; multicomponent eutectic systems: Al-Si-Cu-Mg; and for systems with both eutectic and peritectic reactions: Fe-C-Cr and nickel-base superalloy. microsegregation nickel-base superalloy solute redistribution equilibrium...
Abstract
This article discusses the two extremes of solute redistribution, equilibrium solidification and nonequilibrium Gulliver-Scheil solidification, for which solid redistribution of solute within the primary solid phase is the distinguishing parameter. The process and material parameters that control microsegregation are discussed in relation to the manifestations of microsegregation in simple and then increasingly complex alloy systems. The measurement and kinetics of microsegregation are discussed for the binary isomorphous systems: titanium-molybdenum; binary eutectic systems: aluminum-copper and aluminum-silicon; binary peritectic systems: copper-zinc; multicomponent eutectic systems: Al-Si-Cu-Mg; and for systems with both eutectic and peritectic reactions: Fe-C-Cr and nickel-base superalloy.
Book Chapter
Shape Memory Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003160
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and properties (mechanical and physical) of commercial SMA alloys, namely nickel-titanium alloys and copper-base alloys. applications of shape memory alloys copper base alloys general characteristics mechanical properties nickel-titanium alloys physical properties processing of shape memory alloys...
Abstract
The term shape memory alloys (SMAs) refers to the group of metallic materials that demonstrate the ability to return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected to the appropriate thermal procedure. Materials that exhibit shape memory only upon heating are referred to as having a one-way shape memory. Some materials also undergo a change in shape upon recooling. These materials have a two-way shape memory. This article discusses the general characteristics of SMAs by using typical transformation versus temperature curve. It describes the processing, applications and properties (mechanical and physical) of commercial SMA alloys, namely nickel-titanium alloys and copper-base alloys.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... metal class must be considered in conjunction with the various base materials commonly brazed with it. For specific applications, surveillance testing in actual or simulated systems should be performed in order to model actual service conditions. Corrosion of Soldered Joints Soldering is a widely...
Abstract
Corrosion is often thought of as rusting, the process of deterioration undergone by a metal when it is exposed to air or water. This article provides the fundamentals of joints corrosion and primarily addresses the various forms of corrosion observed in brazed and soldered joints and their causes. It describes the role of proper brazing procedures in controlling corrosion. The article concludes with information on the corrosion resistance of various brazing alloy systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001394
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... are not excessive. Torch soldering is used in numerous industries that utilize a variety of base metals. It is most often used to produce a leak-tight assembly with some degree of mechanical strength. This process does have several advantages when compared with other metal-joining methods. These Advantages...
Abstract
Torch soldering utilizes a fuel gas flame as the heat source in the soldering process to produce a leak-tight assembly with some degree of mechanical strength. This article describes the advantages, limitations, and applications of torch soldering. It reviews the equipment used and the basic heating techniques required for the soldering.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... wastewater treatment COPPER PLATING DEPOSITS are used for both functional and decorative applications. They are used widely as underplates in multiplate systems, as barrier coatings, as stopoffs in heat treatment, and for heat transfer (e.g., as heat sinks). They also find use in electroforming...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed account of the various alkaline and acid plating baths used for electrolytic copper plating. Dilute cyanide and Rochelle cyanide baths, high-efficiency sodium and potassium cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide copper plating baths, and alkaline copper pyrophosphate baths, are discussed. The article reviews acid plating baths such as copper sulfate bath and copper fluoborate bath. It also presents information on the surface preparation considerations, bath composition, and operating variables of copper plating as well as the equipment used.
Book Chapter
Monotectic Alloy Systems
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract Monotectic alloys can be classified based on the difference between the critical temperature and the monotectic temperature. This article begins with a schematic illustration of monotectic reaction in copper-lead system. It discusses the solidification structures of monotectics...
Abstract
Monotectic alloys can be classified based on the difference between the critical temperature and the monotectic temperature. This article begins with a schematic illustration of monotectic reaction in copper-lead system. It discusses the solidification structures of monotectics and illustrates the monotectic solidification for low-dome alloys. The forming mechanism of the banded structure of copper-lead alloy in upward directional solidification is also described.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Tin and Tin Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of the microstructures of tin-copper, tin-lead, tin-lead-cadmium, tin-antimony, tin-antimony-copper, tin-antimony-copper-lead, tin-silver, tin-indium, tin-zinc, and tin-zinc-copper systems. electron microscopy etchants etching grinding metallography microstructure mounting polishing sectioning specimen...
Abstract
This article describes the specimen preparation steps for tin and tin alloys, and for harder base metals which are coated with these materials with illustrations. The steps discussed include sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The article provides information on etchants for tin and tin alloys in tabular form. It presents the procedure recommended for electron microscopy to determine the nature of the intermetallic compound formed by the reaction between tin or tin-lead coatings on various substrates. The article concludes with an illustration of the microstructures of tin-copper, tin-lead, tin-lead-cadmium, tin-antimony, tin-antimony-copper, tin-antimony-copper-lead, tin-silver, tin-indium, tin-zinc, and tin-zinc-copper systems.
Book Chapter
Casting of Copper and Copper Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... factors that influence the selection of a casting method. It discusses the production of copper alloy castings. The article concludes with information on the gating and feeding systems used in production of copper alloy castings. casting copper alloys crucible furnaces degassing deoxidation gas...
Abstract
This article describes the casting characteristics and practices of copper and copper alloys. It discusses the melting and melt control of copper alloys, including various melt treatments to improve melt quality. These treatments include fluxing and metal refining, degassing, deoxidation, grain refining, and filtration. The article provides a discussion on these melt treatments for group I to III alloys. It describes the three categories of furnaces for melting copper casting alloys: crucible furnaces, open-flame furnaces, and induction furnaces. The article explains the important factors that influence the selection of a casting method. It discusses the production of copper alloy castings. The article concludes with information on the gating and feeding systems used in production of copper alloy castings.
Book Chapter
Noble and Precious Metal Applications in Biomaterials with Emphasis on Dentistry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005670
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
..., it is commonly used as an alloying element in both gold- and palladium-base dental alloy systems. Silver is also a major component of dental amalgam alloys. In 1987, 1.12% of the U.S. silver demand was used for dental and medical supply purposes ( Ref 2 ). Overall, the demand for silver for medical...
Abstract
This article focuses on the use of noble and precious metals for biomedical applications. These include gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium. The physical and mechanical properties of noble and precious metals are presented in tables. A brief discussion on the ancient history of noble and precious metal use in dentistry is provided. The article discusses the use of direct gold dental filling materials, direct silver dental filling materials, traditional amalgam alloys, high-copper amalgam alloys, and gallium alloys in biomedical applications. It also provides information on gold coatings and iridium oxide coatings for stents.
Book Chapter
Stop-Off Technologies for Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... part is electroplated with copper. Copper is then removed by machining areas that are to be case hardened by leaving only the areas requiring stop-off plated. After heat treatment, the copper is typically removed by stripping in cyanide or acid-based solutions. Copper plating is used in many heat...
Abstract
A wide variety of stop-off technologies for heat treatment are used to selectively prevent the diffusion of carbon and/or nitrogen during atmosphere carburizing, carbonitriding, vacuum carburizing, and various forms of nitriding. In addition to selective stop-off, technologies are also available for scale prevention in open-fired furnaces. This article describes two stop-off technologies, mechanical masking and copper plating, along with stop-off paints/compounds. Prior to the application of stop-off paints, the part surface of the furnaces should be properly cleaned and dried. The article also describes the usage of stop-off paints in different heat treating processes, namely, carburizing and carbonitriding, deep carburizing, vacuum carburizing, nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and plasma nitriding. The article concludes by reviewing the application methods of stop-off paints: brushing, dipping, dispensing, spraying and stamping.
Book Chapter
Shape Memory Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... were investigated. Table 1 lists a number of these systems ( Ref 5 ) with some details of each system. Of all these systems, the Ni-Ti alloys and a few of the copper-base alloys have received the most development effort and commercial exploitation. These will be the focus of the balance...
Abstract
This article discusses the history of shape memory alloys (SMAs) along with their properties, capabilities, and crystallography, including phase transformations that occur during thermal treatment. It describes the thermomechanical behaviors of SMAs and explains how to characterize them using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) techniques as well as other methods. The article examines the most common shape memory alloys, namely, nickel-titanium and copper-base SMAs, and provides information on their respective properties.
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