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Published: 01 January 1997
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002486
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... conventional die compaction conventional press method conventional sinter method density metal injection molding powder forging powder metallurgy THE POWDER METALLURGY (P/M) process is a near-net or net-shape manufacturing process that combines the features of shape-making technology for powder...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on general powder metallurgy design considerations that assist in the selection of the appropriate processing method. It reviews powder processing techniques, conventional press-and-sinter methods, and full-density processes to understand the design restrictions of each powder processing method. The article provides comparison of powder processing methods based on their similarities, differences, advantages, and disadvantages. It concludes with a discussion on design issues for the components of powder processing technologies.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... reduced by proper sintering practice or broken up and dispersed by shear deformation during forging. Preforms for forging are fabricated primarily by conventional die compaction, although dry bag isostatic compaction has also been used for some applications. The overall density of the preform has...
Abstract
Successful application of forging and hot pressing involves careful consideration of powder preparation and forming process parameters. This article describes the important process features for powder forging and hot pressing, along with specific applications and materials used.
Book Chapter
High-Density Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... compaction (MIM powder, 10 to 20 μm; conventional die-compaction powders, 50 to 150 μm). The binders are formulated specially to provide the proper rheological properties during injection molding as well as ease of binder removal after the molding step. Once the part is ejected from the mold, the binder...
Abstract
This article discusses the production of low-alloy steel parts by powder forging, focusing on the material considerations, such as hardenability and inclusion assessment; and process considerations, including sintering and reheating, metal flow, and secondary operations. It presents the mechanical property data for copper and graphite powders mixed with an iron powder base to produce materials that generally contain 2″ Cu, including tensile, impact, and fatigue properties. Heat treatment procedures used in developing the properties of the prealloyed powder forged materials are also covered. Finally, the article describes the process steps and cost considerations in metal injection molding (MIM) and tabulates the composition, and mechanical properties of MIM low-alloy steels.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... particles, or precipitates forming on the surfaces during processing. These boundaries are usually visible by metallography and responsible for low ductility and deterioration of other properties of parts made from such powders. punch Part of a die or compacting tool set that is used to transmit...
Abstract
This article focuses on the significant fundamental powder characteristics, which include particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, and powder purity, followed by an overview of general and individual powder production processes such as mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, atomizing, oxide reduction, and thermal decomposition processes. It also covers the consolidation of powders by pressing and sintering, as well as by high density methods. Further emphasis is provided on the distinguishing features of powders, their manufacturing processes, compacting processes, and consolidated part properties. In addition, a glossary of powder metallurgy terms is included.
Book Chapter
Compressibility and Compactibility of Metal Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... size, and particle porosity. Spherically shaped solid particles (typical of many gas-atomized powders) have such low green strength that they cannot be used in conventional die compaction. Many water-atomized powders have an irregular particle shape with a solid bulk structure. Such powders typically...
Abstract
This article describes several factors, which help in determining the compressibility of metal powders: particle shape, density, composition, hardness, particle size, lubrication, and compacting. It discusses the uses of annealing metal powders and describes compressibility testing of the powders. The article details green strength and its mechanism and the variables affecting the strength. It also discusses two test methods for determining the green strength: the Rattler test and the transverse bend test.
Book Chapter
Pressing and Sintering of Copper Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... processes used in production of the component. Pressing of Copper Powders The most frequent method for the consolidation of copper powders is by conventional uniaxial pressing using opposing punches in a rigid die at ambient temperature. Copper powders are most often compacted using mechanical...
Abstract
Development of the properties of copper powder metallurgy parts is affected by pressing and sintering processes used in the production of components, such as contacts, carbon brushes, and friction materials. This article briefly describes the powder properties of copper and discusses the roles of lubricant and compaction dies in pressing of copper powders. It explains the structural defects that originate during the compaction process of PM parts. The article also provides information on sintering, re-pressing, and re-sintering of copper PM parts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005531
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... and one lower punch within a die cavity, similar to conventional compaction tooling ( Fig. 3 ). In this case, the preform shape is considerably simpler and smaller than the finished part shape and dimensions ( Fig. 12 ). This allows for significant plastic flow during the forging stroke. During plastic...
Abstract
Power metallurgy (PM) is a process of shaping metal powders into near-net or net shape parts combined with densification or consolidation processes for the development of final material and design properties. This article introduces the general considerations, models, and applications in the modeling of PM processes. It describes the PM process in terms of powder compaction and sintering. The article schematically illustrates powder injection molding for the production of plastic parts and describes PM process models such as discrete-element model (DEM), linear continuum model, and nonlinear continuum model. It concludes with information on the application of press and sinter modeling to practical problems in PM.
Book Chapter
Pressing and Sintering of Titanium Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... produced from titanium and titanium hydride powders. (a) Comparison of the influence of compaction pressure on sintered densities of each. (b) The microstructure of sintered Ti-6Al-4V material produced from titanium hydride. Source: Ref 15 Conventional die pressing and sintering was used...
Abstract
Consolidation of titanium powders at room temperature may be performed by low-cost conventional powder metallurgy processes. This article provides information on various consolidation methods, namely, die pressing, direct powder rolling, and cold isostatic pressing. It also describes the sintering of blended elemental powders, high-strength titanium alloys, and porous material as well as the sintering of titanium powders by microwave heating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... and other P/M and conventional tool steels at indicated hardnesses Typical applications for CPM 10V include punches and dies for cold-forming and stamping operations, powder metal compaction tooling, roll-forming rolls, wood-working tools, wear parts, and so on. CPM 10V should also be considered...
Abstract
The powder metallurgy (P/M) process has been used primarily for the production of advanced high-speed tool steels. However, the P/M process is also being applied to the manufacture of improved cold-work and hot-work tool steels. The basic heat treatments for P/M high-speed tool steels include preheating, austenitizing, quenching, and tempering. This article describes manufacturing properties, cutting tool properties, and applications of P/M high-speed tool steels. It discusses the development of P/M high-speed alloy steels that cannot be made by conventional methods because of their high carbon, nitrogen, or alloy contents. For high-speed tool steels, a number of important end-user properties have been improved by powder processing; machinability, grindability, dimensional control during heat treatment, and cutting performance under difficult conditions where high edge toughness is essential. Several of these advantages also apply to P/M cold- and hot-work tool steels, which, compared to conventional tool steels, offer better toughness and ductility for cold-work tooling, better thermal fatigue life, and greater toughness for hot-work tooling.
Book Chapter
Processing of Powder Metallurgy Bronze and Brass
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006106
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... For the manufacture of most parts, consolidation is performed by conventional uniaxial pressing using opposing punches in a rigid die at ambient temperature. The compaction pressure primarily depends on the part geometry and the amount and type of lubricant admixed into the powder. The powder particle shape...
Abstract
Bronze and brass alloys are two key classes of materials in copper-base powder metallurgy applications. They are often compacted using mechanical or hydraulic pressing machines. This article provides an overview of the powder pressing process, providing information on the powder properties of bronze and brass and the roles of lubricant and compaction dies in the pressing process. It discusses the structural defects that originate during the compaction process. The article also describes the major factors that influence the sintering response in bronze, prealloyed bronze, brass, and nickel-silver.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of the neutral zone may be adjusted by varying the pressure exerted by the upper and lower punches. Compaction in rigid dies is limited to part shapes that can be ejected from the die cavity. Parts with undercuts, reverse tapers, threads, and so forth, are not generally practical. Such features are formed...
Abstract
This article reviews various segments of the powder metallurgy (PM) process from powder production and powder processing through the characterization of the materials and their properties. It covers the processing methods for consolidating metal powders including options for processing to full density. The article outlines the freeform fabrication process, also known as additive manufacturing and describes finishing operations of PM parts. It concludes with information on the applications of PM parts.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006114
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... pressing and tooling considerations In view of the press capacities required for compaction, the sizes of gears are limited. The gear thickness or face width is restricted by the requirement that the depth of the die cavity and the stroke of the press must be at least 2 to 2 1 2 times...
Abstract
This article describes the capabilities, limitations, advantages, and disadvantages of the powder metallurgy (PM) gear manufacturing process. It discusses the types of gears that can be produced by PM and presents the design guidelines for PM gears. The article provides information on gear tolerances and performance of PM gears. It also explains various procedures to inspect and test the mechanical properties, dimensional specifications, and surface durability (hardness).
Book Chapter
Compacting of Stainless Steel Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006097
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article provides an overview of the compaction of metal powder in a rigid die and reviews the compaction characteristics of stainless steel powders, including green density, compressibility, green strength, apparent density, flow rate, and sintered density. It describes...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the compaction of metal powder in a rigid die and reviews the compaction characteristics of stainless steel powders, including green density, compressibility, green strength, apparent density, flow rate, and sintered density. It describes the influence of compaction characteristics of stainless steel powders in tool materials selection, lubrication, annealing, double pressing/double sintering, and warm compaction.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... of toughness. Green cracks are the most common fracture issue seen in powder metallurgy processes, especially in conventional PM processes where green parts are ejected from a compaction die. Generally, green cracks may be eliminated or prevented by increasing the green strength of the powder mix...
Abstract
This article focuses on the fractography features of the conventional powdered metal (PM) process for ferrous powders. It discusses porosity, which is one of the inherent features present in components produced by conventional press-and-sinter processes, and green cracks, which are the most common fracture issue in conventional PM processes. It explains the effect of post-sintering operations. The article also presents the common ferrous powder metallurgy materials.
Book Chapter
Conventional Powder Metallurgy Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006132
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... as sensible precautions, such as grounding of equipment, are taken, aluminum powder can be handled in a safe manner, both in the powder production facilities and in the part-making plants, up to the compacting stage of the PM process. The conventional PM process requires the addition of a lubricant...
Abstract
The powder metallurgy (PM) process is a relatively efficient and economic process that can be used to produce high quantities of aluminum components with a reasonable degree of precision and finds application in camshaft bearing cap (cam cap) production. The article discusses the production steps involved in cam cap manufacturing: powder production, compaction, sintering, repressing, and heat treatment. In addition, it reviews the R&D work involved in improving the structural properties of emerging aluminum alloy systems.
Book Chapter
Extrusion of Metal Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of spherical and other difficult-to-compact powders to produce a billet form Improved lubricity and metal flow at the die interface by proper selection of the can material Isolation of the principal material from the extrusion die and region of highest shear, which is an important consideration...
Abstract
This article focuses on direct extrusion processing where metal powders undergo plastic deformation, usually at an elevated temperature, to produce a densified and elongated form having structural integrity. It provides information on the basic powder extrusion processes and the mechanics of extrusion. The article also examines specific extrusion practices for the production of wrought material from powder stock and provides examples of materials processed by powder extrusion.
Book Chapter
Forming and Predensification of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... pressure acting in a uniaxial direction. The process is sometimes referred to as dust pressing, die pressing, or uniaxial compaction. The compaction force is generally applied only in the vertical direction by counteracting mechanical or hydraulic rams. Complex shapes possessing multiple holes, levels...
Abstract
Ceramic-forming processes usually start with a powder which is then compacted into a porous shape, achieving maximum particle packing density with a high degree of uniformity. This article compares and contrasts several forming processes, including mechanical consolidation, dry pressing, cold isostatic pressing, slip casting, tape casting, roll compaction, extrusion, and injection molding. It describes the advantages, equipment and tooling, and material requirements of green machining, the machining of ceramics in an unfired state with the intent of producing parts as close to as possible to their final shape. The article also provides useful information on drying methods, shrinkage, and defects as well as the removal of organic processing aids such as dispersants, binders, plasticizers, and lubricants.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... have been milled to a particle size of 325 mesh or finer, the mixtures are dried before further processing and use. A lubricant is then added, and those powder mixtures destined for compaction in automatic presses are agglomerated so that they can flow freely from the hopper to the compacting die...
Abstract
Ceramic-metal composites, or cermets, combine the heat and wear resistance of ceramics with the formability of metals, filling an application niche that includes cutting tools, brake pads, heat shields, and turbine components. This article examines a wide range of cermets, including oxide cermets, carbide and carbonitride cermets, boride cermets, and other refractory types. It describes the powder metallurgy process by which cermets are produced, examining each step from powder preparation to post treatment. It discusses forming and compacting, injection molding, extrusion, rolling, pressing, slip casting, and sintering. It also discusses fundamental concepts such as chemical bonding, chemical composition, microstructure, and the development of physical and mechanical properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... mechanical properties. cold re-pressing ferrous powder metallurgy materials heat treatment infiltration powder compacting powder forging powder preparation secondary operations sintering POWDER METALLURGY (P/M) in its simplest form consists of compressing metal powders in a shaped die...
Abstract
Certain metal products can be produced only by powder metallurgy; among these products are materials whose porosity is controlled. Successful production by powder metallurgy depends on the proper selection and control of process variables: powder characteristics; powder preparation; type of compacting press; design of compacting tools and dies; type of sintering furnace; composition of the sintering atmosphere; choice of production cycle, including sintering time and temperature; and secondary operations and heat treatment. When the application of a powder metallurgy part requires high levels of strength, toughness, or hardness, the mechanical properties can be improved or modified by infiltration, heat treatment, or a secondary mechanical forming operation such as cold re-pressing or powder forging. The article also discusses the effect of the secondary processes on P/M mechanical properties.
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