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contour-based segmentation
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... nonferrous metals. The article reviews the various types of forming processes such as blanking, piercing, fine-edge blanking, press bending, press forming, forming by multiple-slide machines, deep drawing, stretch forming, spinning, rubber-pad forming, three-roll forming, contour roll forming, drop hammer...
Abstract
This article describes the presses that are mechanically or hydraulically powered and used for producing sheet, strip, and plate from sheet metal. It also presents the JIC standards for presses, compares the presses based on power source, details the selection criteria and provides information on the various drive systems and the auxiliary equipment. It describes the selection of die materials and lubricants for sheet metal forming and provides information on the lubrication mechanisms and selection with a list of lubricant types for forming of specific sheet materials of ferrous or nonferrous metals. The article reviews the various types of forming processes such as blanking, piercing, fine-edge blanking, press bending, press forming, forming by multiple-slide machines, deep drawing, stretch forming, spinning, rubber-pad forming, three-roll forming, contour roll forming, drop hammer forming, explosive forming, electromagnetic forming, and superplastic forming.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006474
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... be used for accurate surface contouring. Even surfaces inside vessels can be contoured, without appreciable loss in surface detail, by the use of a scanning system placed outside the vessel. Acoustic holography can be used to inspect large composite parts, and a real-time image of a region is given...
Abstract
Acoustical holography is the extension of holography into the ultrasonic domain. The basic systems for acoustical holography are the liquid-surface type and the scanning type. This article discusses the applications for acoustical holography, including inspection of large composite parts, through-transmission breast imaging system, inspection of welds in thick materials, and inspection of sleeve-bearing stock. It describes the basic system for liquid-surface acoustical holography and scanning acoustical holography. A comparison between these techniques is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003982
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... production controls, parts in this family are typically formed as contours in as close to net-shape form as possible to reduce machining and waste. Parts used in aerospace include rotating and nonrotating rings for fans, engine casings, and engine disks. One of the largest segments on the market is energy...
Abstract
Ring rolling is a process for creating seamless ring shaped components using specialized equipment and forming processes. This article provides information on the applications of ring rolling. It discusses the types of machines used for ring rolling, namely, vertical rolling machines, radial-axial horizontal rolling machines, four-mandrel mechanical table mills, three-mandrel table mills, and automatic radial-axial multiple-mandrel ring mills. The article provides a discussion on the process control technology and ancillary operations of ring rolling. It describes the methods of producing ring blanks and the various types of blanking and rolling tools used in ring rolling process. The article concludes with a discussion on rolled ring tolerances and machining allowances.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... aircraft engines. The photographs show the complicated internal and external contours that can be roll formed. The cases were isothermally roll formed using axial-radial roll forming onto a high-strength Ni-base superalloy mandrel. In conventional forging or ring rolling processes, these types of...
Abstract
This article describes the roll forming of components of nickel, titanium, and aluminum alloys. The metallurgical characteristics of the roll formed components, such as macrostructures, microstructures, tensile strength, and stress rupture performance, are discussed. The article compares the resulting properties of roll formed and conventionally forged components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006644
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... than a few arc seconds leads to the situation in which only part of the crystal fulfills the diffracting condition at a given time (i.e., Bragg contours are produced). These contours delineate those regions of the crystal that are in the diffracting condition from those that are not. Such contours can...
Abstract
X-ray topography is the general term for a family of x-ray diffraction imaging techniques capable of providing information on the nature and distribution of imperfections. This article provides a detailed account of x-ray topography techniques, providing information on the historical background and development trends in x-ray diffraction topography. The discussion covers the general principles, components of systems, and applications of x-ray topography techniques, namely conventional X-ray topographic techniques and synchrotron x-ray topographic techniques.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001837
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... output is based on a matrix of 19 by 27 data points and is in the form of contour plots, profiles, or carpet plots. Figure 8 shows an example of the latter for a fractured Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al tensile specimen. Fig. 8 Fracture surface map (carpet plot) of a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al specimen by...
Abstract
The principal objective of quantitative fractography is to express the characteristics of features in the fracture surface in quantitative terms, such as the true area, length, size, spacing, orientation, and location. This article provides a detailed account of the development of more quantitative geometrical methods for characterizing nonplanar fracture surfaces. Prominent techniques for studying fracture surfaces are based on the projected images, stereoscopic viewing, and sectioning. The article provides information on various roughness and materials-related parameters for profiles and surfaces. The applications of quantitative fractography for striation spacings, precision matching, and crack path tortuosity are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., yielded comparative results as follows: Specimen Failure load, kN (lbf) Deflection at failure, mm (in.) Across parting plane 15.8 (3550) 0.79 (0.0312) 17.3 (3880) 0.76 (0.0300) 17.9 (4040) 0.94 (0.0372) 18.1 (4060) 0.69 (0.0270) Base metal only 27.9 (6285) 3.84 (0.1512...
Abstract
Control of grain flow is one of the major advantages of shaping metal parts by rolling, forging, or extrusion. This article shows the effects of anisotropy on mechanical properties. Cylindrical forgings commonly have a straight parting line located in a diametral plane. The alternate classes of parting lines are called either "straight" or "broken" for brevity. Regardless of whether draft is applied or natural, the forging will have its maximum spread or girth at the parting line. Proper placement of the parting line ensures that the principal grain flow direction within the forging will be parallel to the principal direction of service loading. The article reviews the mutual dependence of parting line and forging process. It provides a checklist for the forging designer that suggests a systematic approach for establishing parting line location. Finally, the article contains examples, with illustrations of parting line locations, accompanied by tables of design parameters.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003981
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... roll forging Flat-back dies are primarily used for short-length workpieces. They are bolted to the roll shafts and can be easily changed. Typical contours for a set of flat-back segmental dies are shown in Fig. 7 . This type of roll die allows maximum time for moving the part from one impression...
Abstract
Roll forging is a process for simultaneously reducing the cross-sectional area and changing the shape of heated bars, billets, or plates. This article provides an overview of the process capabilities, production techniques, machines and machine size selection considerations, and types of roll dies and auxiliary tools for the roll forging. It concludes with information on the production examples of roll forging.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... microstructure, they allow for the identification of the temperature and stress dependence based on the rate equations presented in this article. Strain-rate contours on these deformation mechanism maps are determined using the rate equations presented in this article. The spacing and gradients of these contours...
Abstract
This article, to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing deformation at elevated temperatures, discusses the phenomenological effects resulting from temperature-induced thermodynamic and kinetic changes. It describes the deformation behavior of engineering materials using expressions known as constitutive equations that relate the dependence of stress, temperature, and microstructure on deformation. The article reviews the characteristics of creep deformation and mechanisms of creep, such as power-law creep, low temperature creep, power-law breakdown, diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... contoured wall thickness. However, H13 tool steel is by far the most popular mold material for high-production applications. H13 is the most wear-resistant material and has proven to be the most cost-effective material on a per casting basis. It provides the best dimensional accuracy, resistance to thermal...
Abstract
This article provides information on metals that can be cast in permanent molds. It discusses the manual and automatic operations, design guidelines, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the casting. The article describes the number of factors considered when designing and building the molds. It examines the effect of mold design on mold life. The article outlines the primary purposes, procedure, and application of mold coatings. The variables that determine mold temperature and control measures associated with mold temperature are reviewed. The article explains the effect of short-term and long-term variables on the dimensional accuracy of permanent mold castings. It concludes with information on the factors of the surface finish on permanent mold castings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... cured, this hazard is reduced or eliminated. Improperly controlled reactions can cause exotherms that result in plant fires. The group of processes defined below are capable of producing parts on open-faced molds, which control the contour of one face of the part. Polyesters and vinyl...
Abstract
Wet lay-up using hand or spray techniques is one of the simplest methods of combining a fiber reinforcement with a solidifying resin to form a composite structure. This article describes several wet lay-up processes - including contact molding, spray molding, vacuum bag molding, and autoclave molding - suited for making parts on open-faced molds using polyester and vinyl ester resins. The article also provides information on mechanically assisted lay-up which can be automated to alleviate some of the manual work.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003985
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... 20% of the tolerance spread allowed for the forgings. When fairly tight draft wall and/or complex contours are features of the forge design, segmented dies with a holder system (described in the article “Forging of Aluminum Alloys” in this Volume) are used to achieve accuracy while maintaining the...
Abstract
Hot-die forging and isothermal forging are unique forging methods developed to forge materials that are difficult or impossible to forge by conventional means. This article presents a comparative study on hot-die forging and isothermal forging. It discusses forging parameters, process selection considerations, design guidelines, alloy types and selection, and the advantages and disadvantages of hot-die forging and isothermal forging. The article discusses the application of the finite-element analysis modeling to design.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003996
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... provide sufficient economic benefits. Open-die forgings in aluminum alloys can be produced in a wide variety of shapes, ranging from simple rounds, squares, or rectangles to very complex contoured forgings (see the article “Open-Die Forging” in this Volume). In the past, the complexity and tolerances...
Abstract
This article begins with discussion on forgeability and the factors affecting the forgeability of aluminum and aluminum alloys. It describes the types of forging methods and equipment and reviews critical elements in the overall aluminum forging process: die materials, die design, and die manufacture. The article discusses the critical aspects of various manufacturing elements of aluminum alloy forging, including the preparation of the forging stock, preheating stock, die heating, lubrication, trimming, forming and repair, cleaning, heat treatment, and inspection. It concludes with a discussion on the forging of advanced aluminum materials and aluminum alloy precision forgings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004012
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... high-temperature service are rolled in metal as hard as 52 HRC. Some metal products such as gray iron castings and sintered metal pieces cannot be thread rolled because of their low ductility. These materials crumble rather than conform to the contour of the die. All of the commonly used straight and...
Abstract
Thread rolling is a cold-forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Methods that use cylindrical dies are classified as radial infeed, tangential feed, through feed, planetary, and internal. This article focuses on the capabilities, limitations, and machines used for these methods. It describes the three characteristics, such as rollability, flaking, and seaming, used in evaluating and selecting metals for thread rolling. The article explores the factors affecting die life and explains the effect of thread form on processing. It provides information on various fluids used in thread rolling to cool the dies and the work and to improve the finish on the rolled products. The article provides a comparison between thread rolling and cutting, as well as between thread rolling and grinding.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001273
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... The scouring effect penetrates into crevices, holes, and complex contours that are inaccessible to mechanical action such as brushing. The temperature of the cleaning liquid is important as it affects density and volatility. Aqueous solutions are used at about 50 °C (120 °F) instead of the more...
Abstract
Babbitting is a process by which relatively soft metals are bonded chemically or mechanically to a stronger shell or stiffener which supports the weight and torsion of a rotating, oscillating, or sliding shaft. This article focuses on workpiece preparation and babbitting methods. Prior to casting, the workpiece must be scrupulously prepared by various cleaning, fluxing, and tinning steps. Babbitting of bearing shells can be accomplished by three methods, namely, static babbitting, centrifugal casting, and metal spray babbitting.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000606
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... section of a portion of a gear that was subjected to full-contour flame hardening; note the better tooth form, with fully radiused tooth roots. Both etched in 5% nital. Fig. 211 : actual size. Fig. 212 : 2× Fig. 213 Fracture surface in the jaw end of a blooming-mill spindle of forged AISI 1045...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of medium-carbon steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the torsional-fatigue fracture, cup and cone tensile fracture, brittle fracture, and in-service rotary bending fatigue fracture of fractured roof-truss angles, pressure-vessel shells, automotive axle shafts, broken keyed spindles, crane gears, blooming-mill spindles, automotive bolts, and crane wheels of these steels.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001232
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... application categories Abrasive product type Abrasive finishing process category Rough Precision High-precision Bonded abrasives Snagging surfacing cutoff grinding Grinding (surface, creep feed, form, thread, contour, cylindrical, disc, tool, and cutter) Honing, superfinishing, flat honing...
Abstract
Abrasive finishing is a method where a large number of multipoint or random cutting edges are coupled with abrasive grains as a bond or matrix material for effective removal of material at smaller chip sizes. This article provides a broad overview of the various categories of abrasive products and materials, abrasive finishing processes, and the mechanisms of delivering the abrasives to the grinding or machining zone. Abrasive finishing processes, such as grinding, honing, superfinishing, microgrinding, polishing, buffing, and lapping, are discussed. The article presents a brief discussion on abrasive jet machining and ultrasonic machining. It concludes with a discussion on the four categories of factors that affect the abrasive finishing or machining: machine tool, work material, wheel selection, and operational.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... flat and without twist Templates: Each should be within tolerance on its contour Reference system: If scribed on the base plate, it should be correct and within tolerance. If an optical reference system is used, it must be verified, and the date of optical equipment calibration must be...
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive technique that is useful in both quality control and research applications for flaw detection in fiber-reinforced composite materials. This article describes ultrasonic nondestructive analysis by outlining its three basic types of scans. It reviews the important quality control techniques used during the manufacture of composite components by analyzing tooling control, material control, pattern orientation control, and in-process control.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... usually do not change the contours of the parts they join. Unlike screws, rivets, or bolts, adhesives give little or no visible external evidence of their presence. Adhesively bonded structures must be carefully designed and used under conditions that do not exceed the operational limitations of the...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of the fundamentals of adhesive technology, including functions, limitations, adhesive joint types, and the key factors in the selection of adhesives, including application, type of joint, process limitation, mechanical requirement, and service conditions. It then focuses on the characteristics, types, and properties of the five groups of adhesives, such as structural, hot melt, pressure sensitive, water based, ultraviolet, and electron beam cured adhesives. The article also discusses the functions and applications of adhesive modifiers, including fillers, adhesion promoters, tackifiers, and tougheners. It gives a short note on functions of primers and primerless bonding. Applications of adhesives in automotive, aerospace, electronics, electrical, medical, sports, and construction sectors are also described. Finally, the article describes the steps in adhesive bonding, including storage and handling of adhesives, bonding preparation, adhesive application, tooling, and curing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003984
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., flats, or other axisymmetric bars can also be produced with a radial forge. Coupled with mandrels, tubing and other hollows can also be produced on the radial forge. In part production, radial forging is used to form axial symmetric solids or hollows with complex external and/or internal contours. These...
Abstract
Radial forging is a process performed with four dies arranged in one plane that can act on a piece simultaneously. This article explains the types of radial forgings and describes the advantages and disadvantages of radial forging over open-die cogging/forging. The article discusses the parameters involved in product shape control. It also provides examples that illustrate the versatility and capabilities of the radial forge machine.