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Search Results for condensate pitting corrosion
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 8 Laboratory test to evaluate condensate pitting corrosion. (a) Arrangement of sample. (b) Pitting condensate corrosion results for six exhaust alloys. Pit depths represent the average of the ten deepest pits. Details of the test procedure are given in text.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., hot salt attack, and thermal fatigue. The article describes the various forms of corrosion which occur at the cold end of an exhaust system. The forms of cold end exhaust corrosion, including condensate pitting corrosion, exterior salt pitting, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and galvanic...
Abstract
Steel automotive exhaust systems suffer from various forms of corrosion. This article illustrates exhaust system components with typical upper metal skin temperatures and alloys of construction. It discusses high-temperature corrosion of automotive exhaust systems, including oxidation, hot salt attack, and thermal fatigue. The article describes the various forms of corrosion which occur at the cold end of an exhaust system. The forms of cold end exhaust corrosion, including condensate pitting corrosion, exterior salt pitting, crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and galvanic corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... problems associated with common feedwater heater tube materials. air-cooled condensers condensate-feedwater system corrosion deaerators erosion-corroison channel feedwater heaters header feedwater heaters galvanic corrosion pitting corrosion power plants water-cooled condensers tube...
Abstract
This article addresses the major heat-transfer components of the water-steam loop of a power plant. It describes the various types of condensers, including water-cooled condensers and air-cooled condensers. The article explains the corrosion mechanisms encountered in the condensers, including erosion-corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and pitting corrosion. It discusses the types of deaerators and deals with their corrosion problems. The article provides a discussion on two types of feedwater heaters: channel feedwater heaters and header feedwater heaters. It summarizes the corrosion problems associated with common feedwater heater tube materials.
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 25 Pitted 316 stainless steel condenser tube. (a) Inner surface of main condenser tube showing extensive localized pitting corrosion attack. Original magnification: 1×. (b) Longitudinal section passing through a pitted area showing extensive pitting that progressed beneath the inner
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
...-accelerated corrosion, oxygen pitting, chelant corrosion, caustic corrosion, acid corrosion, organic corrosion, phosphate corrosion, hydrogen damage, and corrosion-assisted cracking. boilers corrosion caustic corrosion organic corrosion corrosion prevention corrosion control hydrogen damage flow...
Abstract
This article briefly describes water and steam chemistry, which influence the effect of corrosion in boilers. The appropriate control measures to prevent corrosion in boilers are also presented. The article provides a discussion on the common causes of fluid-side corrosion such as flow-accelerated corrosion, oxygen pitting, chelant corrosion, caustic corrosion, acid corrosion, organic corrosion, phosphate corrosion, hydrogen damage, and corrosion-assisted cracking.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract The steam turbine is the simplest and most efficient engine for converting large amounts of heat energy into mechanical work. This article discusses the primary corrosion mechanisms such as corrosion fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), pitting, corrosion, and erosion-corrosion...
Abstract
The steam turbine is the simplest and most efficient engine for converting large amounts of heat energy into mechanical work. This article discusses the primary corrosion mechanisms such as corrosion fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), pitting, corrosion, and erosion-corrosion, in steam turbines. It illustrates the various causes of the corrosiveness of the steam turbine environments through a Mollier diagram. The article describes the four parts of design disciplines that affect turbine corrosion, namely, mechanical design, heat transfer, flow and thermodynamics, and physical shape. It lists the ways to control the steam and surface chemistry, and design and material improvements to minimize turbine corrosion.
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Published: 01 January 2005
originating from the inside of the bellows. Analysis showed iron-rich brown products with high chloride and sulfur content. The failures were attributed to pitting corrosion with extreme undercutting, probably resulting from changes in location of the hoses during storage and use. Bleach, used to deodorize
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... to use a 5% Cr steel or a 9% Cr steel, neither of which is susceptible to SCC in the presence of chlorides. These steels are susceptible to corrosion by hydrogen sulfide, although much less so than carbon steel. Example 3: Pitting of a Condenser Tube in a Saltwater Heat Exchanger due to Hydrogen...
Abstract
Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between a solid particulate and a fluid at different temperatures. This article first addresses the causes of failures in heat exchangers. It then provides a description of heat-transfer surface area, discussing the design of the tubular heat exchanger. Next, the article discusses the processes involved in the examination of failed parts. Finally, it describes the most important types of corrosion, including uniform, galvanic, pitting, stress, and erosion corrosion.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Failed aluminum brass condenser tube from a saltwater heat exchanger. The tube failed from pitting caused by hydrogen sulfide and chlorides in the feedwater. (a) Cross section of tube showing deep pits and excessive metal wastage. 2 3 4 ×. (b) Higher magnification view of a pit
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 23 The carbon steel compartments (cells) in an electrostatic precipitator at a cement works were lined with type 304 stainless steel sheet to prolong service expectations. After approximately one year. The stainless steel lining was perforated by pitting as a result of corrosion
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... or a 9% Cr steel, neither of which is susceptible to SCC in the presence of chlorides. These steels are susceptible to corrosion by hydrogen sulfide, although much less so than carbon steel. Example 3: Pitting of a Condenser Tube in a Saltwater Heat Exchanger Due to Hydrogen Sulfide Contamination...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of tubing of heat exchangers with respect to general corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, selective leaching, and oxygen-cell attack, with examples. It illustrates the examination of failed parts of heat exchangers by using sample selection, visual examination, microscopic examination, chemical analysis, and mechanical tests. The article explains corrosion fatigue of tubing of heat exchangers caused by aggressive environment and cyclic stress. It also discusses the effects of design, welding practices, and elevated temperatures on the failures of heat exchangers.
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in Failure Analysis of Heat Exchangers
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 4 Failed aluminum brass condenser tube from a saltwater heat exchanger. The tube failed from pitting caused by hydrogen sulfide and chlorides in the feedwater. (a) Cross section of tube showing deep pits and excessive metal wastage. Original magnification: 2.75×. (b) Higher-magnification
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 23 Differences in corrosion rate and modality—(a) pitting and (b) general corrosion—as determined by automated, real-time electrochemical corrosion monitoring system using linear polarization resistance, electrochemical noise, and harmonic distortion analysis. Note comparison
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of undercut pits. When this form of corrosion occurs in a condenser tube, it is usually confined to a region near the inlet end of the tube where fluid flow is rapid and turbulent. If some of the tubes in a bundle become plugged, the velocity is increased in the remaining tubes; therefore, the unit should...
Abstract
Copper and copper alloys are widely used in many environments and applications because of their excellent corrosion resistance, which is coupled with combinations of other desirable properties. This article lists the identifying characteristics of the forms of corrosion that commonly attack copper metals as well as the most effective means of combating each. General corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, impingement, fretting, intergranular corrosion, dealloying, corrosion fatigue, and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) are some forms of corrosion. The article also lists a galvanic series of metals and alloys valid for dilute aqueous solutions, such as seawater and weak acids. It provides useful information on the effects of alloy compositions, selection for specific environments, and atmospheric corrosion of selected copper alloys. The article also tabulates the corrosion ratings of wrought copper alloys in various corrosive media.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 15 Layout of a stainless steel reactor condenser that experienced pitting corrosion. VAM, vinyl acetate monomer. Source: Ref 20
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 15 Layout of a stainless steel reactor condenser that experienced pitting corrosion. VAM, vinyl acetate monomer. Source: Ref 20
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 36 Section through type 316 stainless steel tubing that failed by SCC because of exposure to chloride-contaminated steam condensate. Micrograph shows a small transgranular crack that originated at a corrosion pit on the inside surface of the tubing and only partly penetrated the tubing
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 30 Section through type 316 stainless steel tubing that failed by SCC because of exposure to chloride-contaminated steam condensate. Micrograph shows a small transgranular crack that originated at a corrosion pit on the inside surface of the tubing and only partly penetrated the tubing
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004102
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., tuberculation, and under-deposit corrosion (UDC), microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and dealloying. General corrosion rates vary greatly because some waters are much more aggressive than others. Localized forms of corrosion, pitting, concentration...
Abstract
This article describes the corrosion mechanisms, challenges, and control methods in service water distribution systems. It provides a discussion on typical designs and water qualities for distribution systems used in fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants. The article also explains the techniques for controlling corrosion in service water systems.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Copper alloy C44300 heat-exchanger tube that failed by impingement corrosion from turbulent flow of air and condensate along the shell-side surface. (a) Shell-side surface of tube showing damaged area. (b) Damaged surface showing ridges in affected area. 4×. (c) Unetched section through
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