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Image
Results of computer simulation (using Flux2D finite element software) of in...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Fig. 31 Results of computer simulation (using Flux2D finite element software) of induction hardening of selected areas of cup-shaped component using 2 two-turn inductors and “U”-shaped magnetic flux concentrator after 8 s of heating. Source: Ref 35
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Image
Potential errors in computer-aided design software. (a) Original anatomic d...
Available to PurchasePublished: 12 September 2022
Fig. 4 Potential errors in computer-aided design software. (a) Original anatomic data were remeshed, reduced, and smoothed inappropriately, altering fine anatomic detail. (b) Original optimized triangular mesh exported from segmentation software demonstrates greater anatomic detail needed
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Book Chapter
Software for Computational Materials Modeling and Simulation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... tabulates the software name, function or process applications, vendor or developer, and website information. computational simulation material simulation software process applications This compilation ( Tables 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) is intended...
Abstract
This article demonstrates the depth and breadth of commercial and third-party software packages available to simulate metals processes. It provides a representation of the spectrum of applications from simulation of atomic-level effects to manufacturing optimization. The article tabulates the software name, function or process applications, vendor or developer, and website information.
Book Chapter
Three-Dimensional Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... The article also discusses the techniques for reconstruction and visualization of 3D microstructures with advanced computer software and hardware. 3D images atom probe tomography computer hardware computer software data reconstruction data visualization direct-imaging methods focused ion beam...
Abstract
Three-dimensional microscopy can be used to reveal the shape, distribution, and connectivity of three-dimensional (3D) features that lie buried within an opaque material. This article discusses several experimental techniques that can be used to generate 3D images. These include serial sectioning, focused ion beam tomography, atom probe tomography, and X-ray microtomography. Nine case studies are presented that represent the work of the various research groups currently working on 3D microscopy using serial sectioning and illustrate the variants of the basic experimental techniques. The article also discusses the techniques for reconstruction and visualization of 3D microstructures with advanced computer software and hardware.
Image
Software implementation flow diagram of a computational martensite start (M...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2009
Fig. 4 Software implementation flow diagram of a computational martensite start (M s ) temperature model. fcc, face-centered cubic; bcc, body-centered cubic
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Book Chapter
Introduction to Metals Process Simulation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... conditions. The article describes the role of input data and boundary conditions for process simulations. It provides information on the critical enablers of computational materials engineering, such as the computational speed, computational materials engineering software/hardware supply chain, and cost...
Abstract
This article discusses process simulation applications such as casting, powder metallurgy, machining, surface engineering, heat treatment, and joining. The implementation of modeling and simulation tools requires accurate descriptions of material properties and process boundary conditions. The article describes the role of input data and boundary conditions for process simulations. It provides information on the critical enablers of computational materials engineering, such as the computational speed, computational materials engineering software/hardware supply chain, and cost structure for virtual versus physical manufacturing and analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
...-transfer problems. Modern computer simulation techniques are capable of effectively simulating electromagnetic and thermal phenomena for many processes that involve electromagnetic induction. The article considers the challenges faced by developers of modern simulation software. annealing finite...
Abstract
This article describes the applications of induction heat treatment of metals, including normalizing, annealing, hardening, and tempering and stress relieving. It discusses the simulation techniques of the electromagnetic and thermal processes that occur during induction heat treating. The article explains the finite-difference method, finite-element method, mutual impedance method, and boundary-element method for the numerical computation of the induction heat treating processes. It also discusses the direct and indirect coupling approaches for coupling the electromagnetic and heat-transfer problems. Modern computer simulation techniques are capable of effectively simulating electromagnetic and thermal phenomena for many processes that involve electromagnetic induction. The article considers the challenges faced by developers of modern simulation software.
Book Chapter
Imaging Methods for Fracture Surface Observation and Interpretation
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006945
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
.... It also covers other useful hardware, such as computer-aided tomography (CAT) and micro-computer-aided tomography (micro-CAT) instruments. The article introduces some of the fracture image postprocessing methods and software, including image registration or alignment, focus stacking, Z-stacking, focal...
Abstract
This article presents a basic overview of technology-driven advances in the imaging of primarily metallic fracture surfaces. It describes various types of microscopes, including scanning electron, dual-beam, ion source, and transmission electron microscopes, and their capabilities. It also covers other useful hardware, such as computer-aided tomography (CAT) and micro-computer-aided tomography (micro-CAT) instruments. The article introduces some of the fracture image postprocessing methods and software, including image registration or alignment, focus stacking, Z-stacking, focal plane merging, and image stitching.
Book Chapter
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001729
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
...-frequency generator and associated electronics; spectrometers, such as polychromators and monochromators; detection electronics and interface; and the system computer with appropriate hardware and software. The article also describes the uses of direct-current plasma, and provides examples...
Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is an analytical technique for elemental determinations in the concentration range of major to trace based on the principles of atomic spectroscopy. This article provides a description of the basic atomic theory, and explains the analytical procedures and various interference effects of ICP, namely, spectral, vaporization-atomization, and ionization. It provides a detailed discussion on the principal components of an analytical ICP system, namely, the sample introduction system; ICP torch and argon gas supplies; radio-frequency generator and associated electronics; spectrometers, such as polychromators and monochromators; detection electronics and interface; and the system computer with appropriate hardware and software. The article also describes the uses of direct-current plasma, and provides examples of the applications of ICP-AES.
Book Chapter
Modeling and Simulation of Steel Heat Treatment—Prediction of Microstructure, Distortion, Residual Stresses, and Cracking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005950
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... treatment processes has proved that it can be a powerful tool to reach those objectives. Mathematical models and computer codes for simulation of hardening processes have been developed in academia since the late 1970s, and commercial finite-element analysis (FEA) software has been around for almost two...
Abstract
This article describes the fundamental concepts of heat treatment simulation, including the physical events and their interactions, the heat treatment simulation software, and the commonly used simulation strategies. It summarizes material data needed for heat treatment simulations and discusses reliable data sources as well as experimental and computational methods for material data acquisition. The article provides information on the process data needed for accurate heat treatment simulation and the methods for their determination. Methods for validating heat treatment simulations are also discussed with an emphasis on the underlying philosophy for the selection and design of validation tests. The article also discusses the applications, capabilities, and limitations of heat treatment simulations via selected industrial case studies for a better understanding of the effect of microstructure, distortion, residual stress, and cracking in gears, shafts, and bearing rings.
Book Chapter
Infrared Imaging for Corrosion, Disbondments, and Cracks
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003657
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... active thermography. The components include an excitation source, a thermographic camera, and a computer with software that controls the instrumentation, acquires data, and displays the results. The article discusses the process and experimental setup of sonic thermography used for crack detection...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of the various aspects of infrared pulse thermography used to detect disbondments, delaminations, and generalized corrosion. It describes the distinctive phases of the pulse thermographic process and the key components that are required to perform active thermography. The components include an excitation source, a thermographic camera, and a computer with software that controls the instrumentation, acquires data, and displays the results. The article discusses the process and experimental setup of sonic thermography used for crack detection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005438
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... ( Ref 1 ). A similar guide exists for solid mechanics, published in 2006 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( Ref 2 ). Additionally, because computational models are, by nature, software tools, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers has many available resources to assist...
Abstract
This article provides guidelines for the assessment of model quality in materials science and engineering. It discusses the fundamentals of model quality assessment and the calibration of mechanistic material models. The article reviews the considerations for the model verification during software implementation planning to identify suitable programs, software components, and programming languages. It describes the validity tests used in model validation, including boundary-value tests, degenerate problem tests, sensitivity tests, and benchmarking. The article also presents an example of model calibration, verification, and validation for the prediction of martensite start temperature of steels.
Book Chapter
Three-Dimensional Microstructure Representation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005504
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... to correspond to two known crystallographic orientation relationships between cementite and austenite in steel ( Ref 14 ). Continuous improvements to computer software and hardware now make the representation and dissemination of 3-D images, via the internet or digital media (CD ROMs, for example...
Abstract
This article reviews the characterization methods for producing 3-D microstructural data sets. The methods include serial sectioning by mechanical material removal method and focused ion beam tomography method. The article describes how these data sets are used in realistic 3-D simulations of microstructural evolution during materials processing and materials response. It also explains how the 3-D experimental data are actually input and used in the simulations using phase-field modeling and finite-element modeling.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Corrosion Testing and Evaluation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003638
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... corrosion resistance. However, when more information than corrosion rate is needed or accelerated testing is required, electrochemical techniques are often considered. Many electrochemical techniques are available, and their use has been made easier by the incorporation of computer software and hardware...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the article under the section "Corrosion Testing and Evaluation" in ASM Handbook, Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection. This section presents fundamental information on step-by-step instructions for techniques, examples of actual test data, and hints to help in interpretation. The topics covered include planning corrosion tests and evaluating results, laboratory corrosion testing, simulated service corrosion testing, in-service techniques for damage detection and monitoring, and evaluating forms of corrosion.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002174
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... programming can be applied to PTP systems, but it is too complex for contouring systems. Therefore, a great number of computer software systems have been developed to assist in NC part programming. The APT system is the most widespread and the most comprehensive one. It is available on many computers...
Abstract
This article discusses the evolution of computer numerical control and direct numerical control for machine tools. It describes the fundamentals and advantages of numerical control (NC) systems. The article reviews the manual or computer assisted off-line programming methods for programming the tools with the aid of the automatically programmed tool language. It also explains point-to-point and continuous-path or contouring of NC systems and the adaptive systems used for NC.
Book Chapter
Intelligent Automation for Joining Technology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001470
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... The separation of the knowledge from the logic processes is one way in which expert systems differ from conventional software. In the field of artificial intelligence, several methodologies have been developed for the representation of knowledge. Some of these have been used to develop computerized...
Abstract
Efforts in improving the efficiency of automated equipment lead to combining automatic joining equipment with a modem computer technique eventually known as artificial intelligence (intelligent automation) that usually includes an off-line planning system and a real-time adaptive control system connected through a computer communications interface. This article focuses on the application of intelligent automation system to arc welding, called WELDEXCELL, and other joining processes. An outline of the interface between off-line planners and real-time control systems is also provided.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
.... The computer systems consist of the hardware and software used to perform the specialized design functions required by a particular customer. The CAD hardware typically includes the computer, one or more graphics display terminals, keyboards, and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists...
Abstract
This article describes the basic functions that should be included when considering the relationship of computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and machining. These include design, analysis, drafting, process planning, part programming, program verification, part machining, and inspection. The article provides information on hardware, data base, interfaces, and benefits of integrating machining with the CAD/CAM system of a manufacturing plant. It also provides an overview of direct, computer and, distributed numerical control, which are devoid of a number of problems inherent in conventional numerical control.
Book Chapter
Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagram Modeling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... thermodynamic databases and the robustness of the computer software. This has been greatly enhanced with the availability of second-generation phase diagram calculation software. It is noteworthy to point out that many of the first-generation software also have since attempted to calculate the stable diagrams...
Abstract
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the phase equilibria of materials in terms of temperature, composition, and pressure. This article provides an overview on the background of phase diagram calculation software. It presents an algorithm to calculate binary stable phase equilibria. The article summarizes a rapid method to obtain a thermodynamic description of a multicomponent system. It also provides information on thermodynamically calculated phase diagrams.
Image
Open-platform additive manufacturing (AM) process control framework that co...
Available to Purchase
in Methodologies and Implementation of Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Process Control
> Additive Manufacturing Design and Applications
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 15 Open-platform additive manufacturing (AM) process control framework that consists of four AM software modules (left side of figure) and four hardware modules (right side of figure). The interfaces (1–3) of each software module and the functionalities (a–d) of each hardware module
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Book Chapter
Analysis of Designed Experiments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0009215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... multivariate analysis methods ( Ref 10 , 11 ), nonparametric methods ( Ref 12 , 13 ), and regression analysis problems ( Ref 14 , 15 , 16 ). Many statistical procedures can also be easily applied using computer software ( Ref 17 , 18 ). Four types of designed experiments are analyzed in this article...
Abstract
This article describes methods that are oriented toward the analysis of planned cooperative experiments that involve multiple factors, blocks, and/or treatment levels. The experiments include factorial, fractional factorial, randomized block, and incomplete block experiments.
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