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Howard A. Kuhn
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Rajiv Shivpuri
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compression forming
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Image
Titanium alloy gas-turbine ring that was produced by compression forming. D...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 2 Titanium alloy gas-turbine ring that was produced by compression forming. Dimensions given in inches
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Image
Heavy-duty wafer-type compression forming coil, which is also based on comp...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 12 Heavy-duty wafer-type compression forming coil, which is also based on complied primary and secondary coils. A, primary conductor; B, beryllium-copper field shaper; C, water passage; D, fiberglass insulation; E, steel backup plates; F, press bolt; G, shaper press bolt; H, shaper
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Image
Steel channel that was compression formed without trim allowance using an a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 10 Steel channel that was compression formed without trim allowance using an adjustable form block. Dimensions given in inches
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Image
Schematic diagram of mold cavity filling and part forming in compression mo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2001
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... a detailed discussion on four methods of stretch forming, namely, stretch draw forming, stretch wrapping, compression forming, and radial draw forming. bars compression forming radial draw forming sheets stretch draw forming stretch forming stretch wrapping STRETCH FORMING is the forming...
Abstract
Stretch forming is the forming of sheet, bars, and rolled or extruded sections over a die or form block of the required shape while the workpiece is held in tension. This article discusses the applicability, advantages, and machines and accessories of stretch forming. It provides a detailed discussion on four methods of stretch forming, namely, stretch draw forming, stretch wrapping, compression forming, and radial draw forming.
Image
Effect of cold stretch forming on the compressive yield strengths of variou...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 9 Effect of cold stretch forming on the compressive yield strengths of various titanium alloys. Adapted from Ref 6
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Image
A method of forming a tube with sharp bends, using axial compressive forces...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 17 A method of forming a tube with sharp bends, using axial compressive forces. Source: Ref 3
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract Cold extrusion is a push-through compressive forming process with the starting material (billet/slug) at room temperature. This article provides information on the different types of steels that can be cold extruded. Mechanical presses and hydraulic presses that are specifically...
Abstract
Cold extrusion is a push-through compressive forming process with the starting material (billet/slug) at room temperature. This article provides information on the different types of steels that can be cold extruded. Mechanical presses and hydraulic presses that are specifically designed for cold extrusion with high rigidity, accurate alignment, and long working strokes are described. The article details the factors that are critical in cold extrusion: punch design, die design, and tool design. It summarizes the role of lubricants during extrusion of steel, such as soap lubricant and polymer lubricants. The article describes several procedures for extruding specific steel parts such as tubular parts and stepped shafts. It lists problems such as tool breakage and galling or scoring of tools and explains cold extrusion of aluminum, copper, and nickel alloy parts. The article also discusses the impact extrusion of magnesium alloys.
Image
Basic circuit and magnetic field patterns for electromagnetic compression f...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 47 Basic circuit and magnetic field patterns for electromagnetic compression forming of a tubular workpiece. (a) Field pattern in absence of workpiece. (b) Field pattern with workpiece in forming coil. (c) Field pattern when field shaper is used. A, high pressure; B, low pressure.
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Book Chapter
Bending of Bars and Bar Sections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005134
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... to the bending of bar or tubes include draw bending, compression bending, roll bending, stretch bending, and ram-and-press bending. Bending methods unique to pipe or tube include wrinkle bending and roll-extrusion bending. Draw Bending In draw bending, the workpiece is clamped to a rotating form and drawn...
Abstract
This article describes various bending methods: draw bending, compression bending, roll bending, stretch bending, and ram-and-press bending. It discusses the machines used for the bending of bars. These machines include devices and fixtures for manual bending, press brakes, conventional mechanical and hydraulic presses, horizontal bending machines, rotary benders, and bending presses. The article illustrates the tools used in bending and other bending process. It also tabulates the lubricants required for bending specific metals.
Book Chapter
Honeycomb
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract Honeycomb is a product consisting of very thin sheets attached to form connecting cells. This article briefly explains the construction, core characteristics, properties, and testing methods of the honeycomb structures. It discusses the special processes carried out in customizing...
Abstract
Honeycomb is a product consisting of very thin sheets attached to form connecting cells. This article briefly explains the construction, core characteristics, properties, and testing methods of the honeycomb structures. It discusses the special processes carried out in customizing the shape of core to fit customer's specific needs. The article provides information on the basic concept of creating sandwich structures and its corresponding aspects like material selection, design guidelines, and structural efficiency.
Book Chapter
Compression Molding and Stamping
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... by force, and the dimensional stability of the formed components is better than it is for components formed by higher-flow processes, such as injection molding, or by processes such as hand lay-up. Process Limitations There are disadvantages associated with both the SMC material and the compression...
Abstract
The compression molding process is most commonly called the sheet molding compound (SMC) process in reference to the precursor sheet molding compound material it uses. This article discusses the types of materials used for sheet manufacture, and describes the manufacturing and processing parameters of SMC components, providing details on tooling and process advantages and limitations. The article provides a general overview of the types of compression molding processes, including structural compression molding and thermoplastic compression molding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... properties of materials in compression, this configuration must be achieved. A final form of irregular deformation in axial compression is an instability that is the antithesis of necking in tension. In this case, the instability occurs due to work softening of the material and takes the form of rapid...
Abstract
Compression tests are used for subscale testing and characterizing the mechanical behavior of anisotropic materials. This article discusses the characteristics of deformation during axial compression testing, including deformation modes, compressive properties, and compression-test deformation mechanics. It describes the procedures for the use of compression testing for the measurement of the deformation and fracture properties of materials. The article provides a detailed discussion on the technique involved in determining the stress-strain behavior of metallic materials based on the ASTM E 9, "Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature." It also reviews the factors that influence the generation of test data for tests conducted in accordance with the ASTM E 9 and the capabilities of conventional universal testing machines for compression testing.
Book Chapter
Bending and Forming of Tubing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
.... Compression Bending of Tube Compression bending of tube is similar to that for bar bending. One end of the workpiece is fixed in place relative to a stationary bending form, while a moveable shoe or roller compresses the section against the form. Figure 1 illustrates an example, where one end is fixed...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the factors considered in the selection of bending methods. It presents a detailed description of the types of bending method, machines and tools used in the bending and forming of tubing. The article provides an overview of bending tubing with and without a mandrel and hot bending. It concludes with a discussion on the bending of thin-wall tubes and lubrication for tube bending.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... metal parts by forming a flange at the edge of the part. The bending process used to form flanges subjects the material to tension on the outer convex surface and compression on the inside concave surface ( Fig. 6 ). A neutral axis, separating tensile and compressive deformation zones, is located...
Abstract
Sheet-forming processes provide considerable geometric and material flexibility in meeting these requirements, and design of parts for sheet forming must take into account these benefits as well as the limitations of the processes. This article reviews the basic forming operations and their general geometric features. These operations include hole making, flanging, bead and rib forming, and stretching and drawing for shallow or deep recesses. The article illustrates the general approach to design for sheet forming and the considerations that must be made for material savings and manufacturing ease, in addition to part function. It concludes with information on reducing the amount of scrap in sheet-forming operations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003322
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... modeling and describes the test methods for determining these properties. The article discusses several compression tests used to determine stress-strain curves for bulk forming and tensile tests used to obtain stress-strain curves for sheet-metal forming. The article concludes with information...
Abstract
Forming processes can be divided into three major categories: bulk forming, sheet-metal forming, and semisolid forming and polymer extrusion. This article introduces each process category with a description of the constitutive models. It outlines the required properties for process modeling and describes the test methods for determining these properties. The article discusses several compression tests used to determine stress-strain curves for bulk forming and tensile tests used to obtain stress-strain curves for sheet-metal forming. The article concludes with information on the measurement of viscosity of semisolid alloy materials by using three types of viscometers: the coaxial cylinder viscometer, the cone-and-plate viscometer, and the capillary viscometer.
Book Chapter
Workability Theory and Application in Bulk Forming Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009004
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... are similar to those at the bulging free surface of a cylinder during compression. It should be possible, then, to predict fracture in bar rolling from compression tests on the alloy of interest. This is pertinent in current attempts to roll ingots of high alloy content into bar form. The complete workability...
Abstract
This article focuses on the effects of mechanical plasticity on workability; that is, process control of localized stress and strain conditions to enhance workability. It describes the nature of local stress and strain states in bulk forming processes, leading to a classification scheme, including testing procedures and specific process measurements, that facilitate the application of workability concepts. Using examples, the article applies these concepts to forging, rolling, and extrusion processes. The stress and strain environments described in the article suggest that a workability test should be capable of subjecting the material to a variety of surface strain combinations. By providing insights on fracture criteria, these tests can be used as tools for troubleshooting fracture problems in existing processes, as well as in the process development for new product designs.
Book Chapter
Modeling of Deformation Processes—Slab and Upper Bound Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
..., and FEM approaches in predicting force and torque in cold flat rolling. They found that each approach had its own region of superior performance. More recently, Hsu and Tzou ( Ref 6 ) compared slab and UBM approaches in modeling double-layer clad sheet compression forming. In this, the metal flow...
Abstract
This article focuses on approximate closed-form analytical methods, such as slab and upper bound methods, used for forward and inverse design of metal forming problems. Selected examples of application of these methods to metal forming processes are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... to avoid fracture. Fig. 1 Sketches of processing defects form a basis for early models. (a) Forging or compression test specimen. (b) Extrusion. (c) Drawing. (d) Forging with no horizontal constraint at die surface Source: Ref 1 Physical Modeling Physical modeling of processes, using...
Abstract
This article discusses physical analysis, including slab method and upper-bound method and slip-line field analysis, for calculating stress states in plastic deformation processes. It presents various validation standards and models for evaluating the criterion of fracture for use in finite-element analyses of deformation processing. The article reviews the Cockcroft-Latham criterion of fracture and its reformulated extension for analysing the fracture locus for compression. It concludes with information on fundamental fracture models.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract A cylindrical specimen compressed with friction at the die surfaces does not remain cylindrical in shape but becomes bulged or barreled. Tensile stresses associated with the bulging surface make the upset test a candidate for workability testing. This article discusses test-specimen...
Abstract
A cylindrical specimen compressed with friction at the die surfaces does not remain cylindrical in shape but becomes bulged or barreled. Tensile stresses associated with the bulging surface make the upset test a candidate for workability testing. This article discusses test-specimen geometry and friction conditions; strain measurements; crack detection; and material inhomogeneities, which are to be considered for performing cold upset testing. It describes test characteristics in terms of deformation, free-surface strains, and stress states for performing cylindrical compression tests. The article illustrates the fracture loci in cylindrical, tapered, and flanged upset-test specimens of aluminum alloy and type 1045 cold-finished steel.
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