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composite laminates
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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
...Abstract Abstract Knowledge of fatigue behavior at the laminate level is essential for understanding the fatigue life of a laminated composite structure. This article describes fatigue failure of composite laminates in terms of layer cracking, delamination, and fiber break and interface...
Abstract
Knowledge of fatigue behavior at the laminate level is essential for understanding the fatigue life of a laminated composite structure. This article describes fatigue failure of composite laminates in terms of layer cracking, delamination, and fiber break and interface debonding. It discusses the fatigue behavior of composite laminates in the form of a relation between applied maximum fatigue stress and fatigue life. The article explains Weibull distribution and parameters estimation for fatigue data analysis and life prediction of composite laminates. It analyzes the fatigue properties and damage tolerance of fiber-metal laminates such as ARALL and GLARE laminates. The article concludes with a discussion on the effects of fatigue on notched and unnotched specimens.
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Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 4 Fiber arrangements. Composite laminates are generally fabricated by rotating lamina axes as shown by the twist example on the left. However, loads that are off-fiber axes cause large inter- and intralaminar matrix stresses. Safer structures can often be designed by using curved or splayed
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Published: 01 January 2001
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Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 25 Stress concentration adjacent to a hole in a composite laminate subjected to uniaxial loading
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Published: 01 August 2018
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 49 Matrix cracks in a [0/90/0] composite laminate. (a) First interface delamination pattern. (b) Second interface delamination pattern. Adapted from Ref 30
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in Sample Preparation and Mounting for Fiber-Reinforced Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 3 Carbon fiber composite laminate labeled for sectioning using a silver ink felt-tip permanent marker. This sample with the corresponding section map was originally sent for nondestructive inspection.
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 1 Microcracks in a carbon fiber composite laminate due to thermal cycling. (a) Resin-rich region in the composite. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective. (b) Resin-rich region containing a large void. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective
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in Analysis of the Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Lightning strike damage in a carbon fiber composite laminate having metal foil on the surface for protection. (a) Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 4× objective. (b) Transmitted light (ultrathin section), circular polarized light, 4× objective. The impregnation outline of the epoxy
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Published: 01 January 1997
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003398
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...Abstract Abstract This article presents the basic guidelines considered in designing a composite structure, and the basic definitions of terms that apply to composites. It describes the analysis of a composite laminate based on stress-strain relationships, stress-strain load relationships...
Abstract
This article presents the basic guidelines considered in designing a composite structure, and the basic definitions of terms that apply to composites. It describes the analysis of a composite laminate based on stress-strain relationships, stress-strain load relationships, general load displacement case, and general load case solution. Factors affecting the composite materials properties and allowables of fiber-reinforced polymers are reviewed. The article discusses the process considerations for mold design, such as master model, metal tooling, composite tooling, and tool care. It explains the resin selection in designing the composite for use in a particular application. The article illustrates the various methods that are used to process a composite component, namely, wet lay-up, autoclave, resin transfer molding, and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. It provides a discussion on electromagnetic interference shielding, electrostatic discharge protection, metal plating, fire resistance, and corrosion resistance on composite materials.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003406
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and short- and long-term properties of a fiber reinforced composite laminate depending on material selection and workmanship. The article also presents the basic design guidelines for open molding. open molding polymer-matrix composites thermoset composites hand lay-up spray-up process matrix...
Abstract
Open molding is the method used in the polymer-matrix composites industry to make thermoset composite products. This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the open molding. It describes the various process of the open molding, such as hand lay-up process and spray-up process. Workmanship for hand lay-up and spray-up processes is reviewed. The article provides information on the matrix-resin materials used for open molding, including unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy vinyl ester resins, and reinforcements. It explains the component design and short- and long-term properties of a fiber reinforced composite laminate depending on material selection and workmanship. The article also presents the basic design guidelines for open molding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... properties. Composite laminates are constructed from lamina with uniaxial fiber orientation and frequently from textile fabrics as well. The article explains the characteristics of symmetric in-plane and through-thickness laminates; asymmetric in-plane and symmetric through-thickness laminates; asymmetric...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on fiber-reinforced composite materials and describes the generic behavior and structure/property relationships of composites. The article summarizes lamina properties and presents equations that help in the calculation of lamina properties. Composite laminates are constructed from lamina with uniaxial fiber orientation and frequently from textile fabrics as well. The article explains the characteristics of symmetric in-plane and through-thickness laminates; asymmetric in-plane and symmetric through-thickness laminates; asymmetric laminates; and curved laminates. It provides information on controlled thermal expansion composites, metal-matrix composites, and ceramic-matrix composites. The article illustrates the types of bonded joints and concludes with a discussion on design for manufacturing.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003431
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...Abstract Abstract This article presents the importance of progressing from post-manufacturing inspection/verification to in-process inspection/verification methods. It lists the various quality assurance factors considered for typical composite laminate lay-up process. The article provides...
Abstract
This article presents the importance of progressing from post-manufacturing inspection/verification to in-process inspection/verification methods. It lists the various quality assurance factors considered for typical composite laminate lay-up process. The article provides information on composite cure tooling that is fabricated from steel, aluminum, or high-temperature composite materials. The quality assurance for commercial applications is reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on data fusion systems designed to provide nondestructive analysis data from fabrication and assembly processes for each individual composite part.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003374
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... methods, and composite laminate tests. The effects of interphase and fiber-matrix adhesion on composite mechanical properties, such as composite on-axis properties, composite off-axis properties, and composite fracture properties, are also discussed. fiber-matrix adhesion composite material fiber...
Abstract
Fiber-matrix adhesion is a variable to be optimized in order to get the best properties and performance in composite materials. This article schematically illustrates fiber matrix interphase for composite materials. It discusses thermodynamics of interphase in terms of surface energy, contact angle, work of adhesion, solid surface energy, and wetting and wicking. The article describes the change in interphase depending on the reinforcing fiber such as glass fiber, polymeric fiber, and carbon fiber. It emphasizes fiber-matrix adhesion measurements by direct methods, indirect methods, and composite laminate tests. The effects of interphase and fiber-matrix adhesion on composite mechanical properties, such as composite on-axis properties, composite off-axis properties, and composite fracture properties, are also discussed.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003376
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... years of composites development. Micromechanics has limitations in predicting higher level lamina properties, so many current approaches use macromechanics (addressed in the article “Macromechanics Analysis of Laminate Properties” ). As composite analysis continues to expand, refinements...
Abstract
Composite materials offer amazing opportunities for delivering structures that are optimized to meet design requirements. This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the articles under the section “Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design” in ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites. The section introduces many of the engineering approaches used in composite industry.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... the load is applied perpendicular to the composite laminate and failure occurs in the plane of the reinforcement. Interlaminar fractures occur following mode I tension or fatigue loading, mode II shear or fatigue loading, flexural loading, and impact loading on the surface of the laminate. Interlaminar...
Abstract
This article illustrates typical fractographic features for a number of different composite materials. It describes the differences in fracture characteristics due to different loading, material processing, and environmental conditions. The article presents fractographic data obtained from epoxy matrix materials. Minimal fractographic data from other brittle thermoset resin systems are also presented. The article discusses the interlaminar fracture of composites with ductile thermoplastic matrices. It also provides information on the translaminar fracture features of the composite materials.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003382
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... such as mechanistic or phenomenological, for composite materials under cyclic loading. composite structures damage tolerance delamination material degradation compression loading fatigue life bearing failure fatigue damage life prediction model quasi-isotropic laminate tension-compression fatigue...
Abstract
In the design of composite structures for durability and damage tolerance, the primary concerns are out-of-plane failures, such as delamination, material degradation associated with environment, stability under compression loading, large degree of scatter in fatigue life, and bearing failure of joints. This article presents an introductory discussion on the fatigue damage process, methodologies assessing fatigue behavior, and life prediction models. It describes the damage mechanisms introduced for a quasi-isotropic laminate under tension-compression fatigue loading. Delamination is a critical issue in fatigue and generally results from high interlaminar normal and shear stresses. The article schematically illustrates the structural elements in which high interlaminar stresses are common. It concludes with a discussion on the classification of fatigue models such as mechanistic or phenomenological, for composite materials under cyclic loading.
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Published: 01 January 2001
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Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 8 Selection of lay-up pattern for bolted repair of lightly loaded fibrous composite laminates
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