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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003834
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
...: noble metal clad systems, corrosion barrier systems, sacrificial metal systems, transition metal systems, complex multilayer systems, and clad diffusion alloys. cladding corrosion control sacrificial metal systems clad metals noble metal clad systems corrosion barrier systems transition...
Abstract
This article describes the principal cladding processes and methods for calculating properties of clad metals. It reviews the designing processes of clad metals to achieve specific requirements. The article discusses six categories of clad metal systems designed for corrosion control: noble metal clad systems, corrosion barrier systems, sacrificial metal systems, transition metal systems, complex multilayer systems, and clad diffusion alloys.
Book Chapter
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Diffusion Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001446
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to give good joint properties for this metal combination, based on metallurgical compatibility and the coefficients of thermal expansion. A complex multilayer system was devised, in which tantalum, vanadium, nickel, and copper were positioned in the following order: Mo-Ta-Ni-Cu-steel. Initially, the Mo-Ta...
Abstract
Diffusion welding involves minimal pressurization, but relatively high temperatures and long periods of time. This article discusses the process variants of diffusion welding: solid-phase and liquid-phase processes. It describes the diffusion welding of carbon and low-alloy steels, high-strength steels, stainless steels, and aluminum-base alloys. The article provides a discussion on dissimilar metal combinations, such as ferrous-to-ferrous combinations, nonferrous-to-nonferrous combinations, ferrous-to-nonferrous combinations, and metal-ceramic joining.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., providing high-quality thin films and multilayers of complex materials for materials research and the development of new devices and applications based on these materials. This review describes the PLD technique and the components required for a simple system, examines the properties of the depositing vapor...
Abstract
This article presents a general description of pulsed-laser deposition. It describes the components of pulsed-laser deposition equipment. The article also discusses the effects of angular distribution of materials. Finally, the article reviews the characteristics of high-temperature superconductors and ferroelectric materials.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003389
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... composite materials multilayered composite structure MOST APPLICATIONS of advanced fiber- reinforced composite materials require detailed analysis and design at component, substructure, and system levels to evaluate the structural response under applied static, dynamic, fatigue, and impact loads...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the finite-element-based analyses (FEA) of advanced composite structures and highlights key aspects such as the homogenization of materials properties and post-processing of numerical results. It discusses the analysis of composite structures based on micromechanics and macromechanics. The article describes the FEA of 3-D solid elements, 2-D cylindrical shell elements, and 1-D beam elements. It contains a table that lists the commercially available finite element codes related to the analysis of fibrous composite materials. The article presents classical examples of the mechanics of composite materials to illustrate the aspects of multilayered composite structures.
Book Chapter
Surface Engineering of Refractory Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001313
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... for niobium Table 9 Oxidation-resistant coating systems for niobium System concept Composition Process Silicide coatings Complex silicide multilayered Cr, Ti, Si Vacuum pack and vacuum slip-pack, fused slurry and pack, fluidized bed, electrophoresis, chemical vapor deposition...
Abstract
This article addresses surface cleaning, finishing, and coating operations that have proven to be effective for molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, and niobium. It describes standard procedures for abrasive blasting, molten caustic processing, acid cleaning, pickling, and solvent and electrolytic cleaning as well as mechanical grinding and finishing. The article also provides information on common plating and coating methods, including electroplating, anodizing, and oxidation-resistant coatings.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... discusses the basic principle, process considerations, and advantages of DRP, and describes the application of this process in the manufacture of powder titanium and titanium alloy components. It further illustrates the complexity of the process and describes the benefits of using DRP in terms of economics...
Abstract
Direct powder rolling (DPR) is a process by which a suitable powder or mixture of powders is compacted under the opposing forces of a pair of rolling mill rolls to form a continuous green strip that is further densified and strengthened by sintering and rerolling. This article discusses the basic principle, process considerations, and advantages of DRP, and describes the application of this process in the manufacture of powder titanium and titanium alloy components. It further illustrates the complexity of the process and describes the benefits of using DRP in terms of economics and product quality.
Book Chapter
Refractory Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Slurry sinter application of Mo + Ti powder, pack silicide, glass slurry seal Multilayered complex silicide 40Mo-40Si, 10CrB-10Al Plasma spray-diffuse Complex silicide Si-20Fe-20Cr Fused silicides Si-20Cr-5Ti Fusion of eutectic mixtures Si + (Cr, Ti, V, Al, Mo, W, B, Fe, Mn) V-Cr-Ti...
Abstract
The refractory metals include niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium. They are readily degraded by oxidizing environments at moderately low temperatures. Protective coating systems have been developed, mostly for niobium alloys, to permit their use in high-temperature oxidizing aerospace applications. This article discusses the properties, processing, applications, and classes of refractory metals and its alloys, namely molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum and rhenium. It also provides an outline of the coating processes used to improve their oxidation resistance.
Book Chapter
Electroplated Coatings for Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract This article discusses the fundamentals of electroplating processes, including pre-electroplating and surface-preparation processes. It illustrates the four layers of a plating system, namely, top or finish coat, undercoat, strike or flash, and base material layers. The article...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamentals of electroplating processes, including pre-electroplating and surface-preparation processes. It illustrates the four layers of a plating system, namely, top or finish coat, undercoat, strike or flash, and base material layers. The article describes various plating methods, such as pulse electroplating, electroless plating, brush plating, and jet plating. It reviews the types of electrodeposited coatings, including hard coatings and soft coatings. The article also details the materials available for electroplating, including electroplated chromium, electroplated nickel, electroless (autocatalytic) nickel, electroless nickel composite coatings, electroplated gold, and platinum group coatings. These are specifically tailored toward plated coatings for friction, lubrication, and wear technology. The article concludes with a discussion on the common issues encountered with electroplating.
Book Chapter
Forming and Predensification of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... ). Other common binder systems include microcrystalline wax emulsions and acrylic wax binders. Lubricants are generally selected from the stearate family of materials, waxes, talcs, or clays. Dispersants are as varied as their individual formulations, but among the most commonly used are complex anionic...
Abstract
Ceramic-forming processes usually start with a powder which is then compacted into a porous shape, achieving maximum particle packing density with a high degree of uniformity. This article compares and contrasts several forming processes, including mechanical consolidation, dry pressing, cold isostatic pressing, slip casting, tape casting, roll compaction, extrusion, and injection molding. It describes the advantages, equipment and tooling, and material requirements of green machining, the machining of ceramics in an unfired state with the intent of producing parts as close to as possible to their final shape. The article also provides useful information on drying methods, shrinkage, and defects as well as the removal of organic processing aids such as dispersants, binders, plasticizers, and lubricants.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... Processes Properties of the electroless copper bath and deposit are highly dependent on the pretreatment (and, to a lesser degree, the post-treatment) system used. Although the plating bath is the most visible and complex-to-operate solution in the process line, a mistake commonly made is to blame any...
Abstract
Electroless, or autocatalytic, metal plating is a nonelectrolytic method of deposition from solution that can be plated uniformly over all surfaces, regardless of size and shape. The plating's ability to plate onto nonconductors is an advantage that contributes to the choice of electroless copper in various applications. This article provides information on the bath chemistry and deposit properties of electroless copper and discusses the applications of electroless copper plating, such as printed wiring boards, decorative plating-on-plastic, electromagnetic interference shielding, and hybrid and other advanced applications. It describes two commercial processes, pretreatment and post-treatment. The article reviews the solutions used, controls and control equipment, and performance criteria of electroless copper plating. It concludes with information on the environmental and safety issues associated with electroless copper plating.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001266
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... include the following: Uniform, thin gold films can be deposited over electrically isolated tracks and bonding pads. Gold can be uniformly deposited on complex shaped and hollow articles, provided there is adequate agitation of the solution and/or the articles to be coated. Gold can...
Abstract
This article focuses on the electroless gold plating technique, describing the advantages and limitations, applications, and properties of plated deposits. It also reviews process variables of the technique, including gold concentration, reducing agent, agitation, and contaminants.
Book Chapter
Cemented Carbides and Cermets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the diffusion wear resistance of the coating layers. An example of a multiple-layer coating applied to a cobalt-enriched complex grade substrate is shown in Fig. 3 . Fig. 3 Multilayer CVD coating (TiC/Ti(C,N)/TiN) on a cobalt-enriched 86WC-8(Ti,Ta,Nb)-6Co substrate. Note increased cobalt content (white...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a ductile metal binder. Cermet refers to a composite of a ceramic material with a metallic binder. This article discusses the manufacture, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides. It describes the application of hard coatings to cemented carbides by physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD or CVD). Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, submicron tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, and alloys containing tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, and cobalt are used for machining applications. The article also provides an overview of cermets used in machining applications.
Book Chapter
Electrical/Electronic Applications for Advanced Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003062
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... into a dense, monolithic structure containing the internal conductor paths. Properties and Functions The primary function of the multilayer package is to house the silicon device and provide the electrical interconnection system to the next level of circuitry. The silicon chip can be attached by several...
Abstract
Ceramic materials serve important insulative, capacitive, conductive, resistive, sensor, electrooptic, and magnetic functions in a wide variety of electrical and electronic circuitry. This article focuses on various applications of advanced ceramics in both electric power and electronics industry, namely, dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, sensing, magnetic and superconducting devices.
Book Chapter
Diffusion Bonding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005612
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... ( Ref 27 ) have investigated the interlayers required to give good joint properties for this metal combination, based on metallurgical compatibility and the coefficients of thermal expansion. A complex multilayer system was devised, in which tantalum, vanadium, nickel, and copper were positioned...
Abstract
This article describes the solid-phase and liquid-phase processes involved in diffusion bonding of metals. It provides a detailed discussion on the diffusion bonding of steels and their alloys, nonferrous alloys, and dissimilar metals. Ceramic-ceramic diffusion welding and a variation on this process in which ceramic powder compacts are simultaneously sintered and bonded are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Bismaleimide Resins
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003364
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., and so on, have the opposite effect. Increasing the molecular weight between cross links (Mc) generally provides a more latent system owing to steric effects. In their early days, the most important application for BMI resins was multilayer printed circuit boards. In this area, resins with low...
Abstract
This article discusses bismaleimide (BMI) chemistry and the use of BMI in composites. An analysis of the applications illustrates how the advantages of BMIs have been exploited and perhaps suggests how these advantages might be extended to other applications. The article describes the mechanical properties of BMI composites. BMIs suitable for resin transfer molding processing are provided. The article concludes with information on the elevated-temperature applications of 5250-4 BMI system.
Book Chapter
In-Service Techniques—Damage Detection and Monitoring
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003653
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... currents are interrupted, causing a change in the complex impedance of the test area in that location. Often this change or blip in the impedance spectra is skewed and becomes indeterminate when there are multilayers present. The new developments in this technology have made eddy current a better tool...
Abstract
This article focuses on the methods that are being developed for detecting and monitoring corrosion: electrochemical methods, electromagnetic or sound wave methods, fiber-optic technology, fluorescence methods, and the Diffracto Sight method. It reviews the importance of data management and the Corrosion Expert System. It concludes with information on the simulation and modeling for incorporating the mechanisms of corrosion prevention into military hardware systems design and operation.
Book Chapter
Micro/Nanoscale Plotting of Biomaterials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006858
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... mechanism can be performed using an AFM cantilever of a custom XYZ -positioning system. In the case of a precision positioning system, any type of complex 3D bioplotting can be achieved by designing and programming the plotter movement. The fluid mechanics and fluid-flow control between the reservoir...
Abstract
Three-dimensional plotting of biomaterials (also known as bioprinting) has been a major milestone for scientists and engineers working in nanobiotechnology, nanoscience, and nanomedicine. It is typically classified into two major categories, depending on the plotting principle, as contact and noncontact techniques. This article focuses on the working principles of contact and noncontact printing methods along with their advantages, disadvantages, applications, and challenges. Contact printing methods include micro-plotter, pen printing, screen printing, nanoimprint printing, flexography printing, and gravure printing. Noncontact printing methods include extrusion printing, droplet printing, laser-based polymerization, and laser-based cell transfer. The wide variety of printable biomaterials, such as DNA, peptides, proteins, lipids, and cells, also are discussed.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... information on the quality control of nickel plating. It concludes with a review of the environmental, health, and safety considerations associated with nickel plating. deposit properties electroforming health and safety considerations multilayer coating nickel plating process considerations...
Abstract
This article discusses the process considerations and deposit properties of nickel plating. It describes the Watts solution and the anode materials used. The article focuses on the nickel plating processes used for decorative, engineering, and electroforming purposes. It provides information on the quality control of nickel plating. It concludes with a review of the environmental, health, and safety considerations associated with nickel plating.
Book Chapter
Review of Ultrasonic Testing for Metallic Additively Manufactured Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006982
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
...-manufactured samples. additive manufactured parts directed energy deposition powder bed fusion ultrasonic testing Introduction to the Ultrasonic Testing of Additively Manufactured Parts Additive manufacturing (AM) is a growing technology that can design and build complex parts faster than...
Abstract
This article focuses on ultrasonic testing (UT) applied to metallic additive manufacturing (AM) parts, presenting the basic principles of UT. It provides a detailed discussion on postprocess UT inspection of powder-bed-fusion-manufactured samples and directed-energy-deposition-manufactured samples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006892
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... the past two decades, applications of 3D printing in the field of biomedical engineering have been widely reported. Three-dimensional printing provides an advanced manufacturing platform to produce a variety of complex, customized biomedical products by accurately putting biomaterials, biomolecules...
Abstract
Microvalve jetting, with its advantages of low cost, ease of operation, high printing speed, and ability to process living cells with high viability, has been primarily used for fabricating high-throughput drug-screening models, in vitro cellular structures for fundamental cell biology research, and cell-laden structures for regenerating tissues or organs in the human body after disease or trauma. This article provides an overview of microvalve jetting of biomaterials, including operational parameters. The jetting technologies covered are inkjet printing, microvalve jetting, and laser-assisted jetting. The parameters covered include nozzle size (nozzle inner diameter), pneumatic pressure, valve-opening time, and printing speed of microvalve jetting. Subsequently, the article discusses biomaterials for microvalve jetting in terms of biomaterial definition, required properties for a suitable biomaterial, currently used biomaterials, and cells and cellular structures. Additionally, applications of microvalve jetting in biomedical engineering are presented, which include cellular and RNA analysis, high-throughput drug screening, and tissue engineering.
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