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Comminution variables that control particle grinding and efficiency. (a) Lo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 1 Comminution variables that control particle grinding and efficiency. (a) Low, (b) optimum, and (c) high speed. The balls or rods within the mill are indicated.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006484
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... of aluminum scrap in transportation, packaging, electrical and electronic, and building and construction sectors. The article reviews the technologies used to accomplish comminution for aluminum: shearing, knife shredding, and swing-hammer shredding. It provides a description of the devices used in scrap...
Abstract
Aluminum possesses many characteristics that make it highly compatible with recycling. Production of aluminum from scrap has a number of advantages. This article discusses the technology for the recovery, sorting, and remelting of aluminum. It describes the collection and acquisition of aluminum scrap in transportation, packaging, electrical and electronic, and building and construction sectors. The article reviews the technologies used to accomplish comminution for aluminum: shearing, knife shredding, and swing-hammer shredding. It provides a description of the devices used in scrap sorting, such as hand sorting, air classification, magnetic separation, eddy-current separation, heavy-media separation, and sensor-based sorting. The article also describes thermal processing, refining and casting, and dross processing of aluminum. It provides information on reverberatory and electric furnaces used for melting aluminum.
Book Chapter
Processing and Characterization of Ceramic Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003052
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... a description of the comminution process (wet and dry milling methods), it discusses batching and mixing operations and granulation methods. The article also deals with the effect of process variables and the steps involved in chemical synthesis, including preparation from solution and gas-phase reactions...
Abstract
This article explains how ceramic powders are made. It begins by briefly describing the raw materials used in structural clay products, whitewares, refractories, and advanced ceramics. It then examines various additives that promote uniformity at different stages of the process. After a description of the comminution process (wet and dry milling methods), it discusses batching and mixing operations and granulation methods. The article also deals with the effect of process variables and the steps involved in chemical synthesis, including preparation from solution and gas-phase reactions, filtration and washing, and powder recovery techniques. It concludes with a discussion on characterization, centering on size distribution analysis, specific surface area, density, porosity chemical composition, phase, and surface composition.
Image
The modified Kroll process per ADMA Products, Inc. involves the use of hydr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2015
Fig. 1 The modified Kroll process per ADMA Products, Inc. involves the use of hydrogen to break down the titanium sponge produced in the present-day titanium reactors. It eliminates the comminution process (boring, shearing, crushing), considerably reduces the vacuum distillation time
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... morphology tumbler ball mills vibratory ball mills MILLING OF MATERIALS, whether hard and brittle or soft and ductile, is of prime interest and of economic importance to the powder metallurgy (PM) industry. Mechanical comminution is the most widely used method of powder production for hard metals...
Abstract
Milling of materials, whether hard and brittle or soft and ductile, is of prime interest and of economic importance to the powder metallurgy (PM) industry. This article discusses the principles of milling, milling parameters, and the powder characteristics required for the process. It discusses the changes in powder particle morphology that occur during milling of metal powders produced by various processes such as microforging, fracturing, agglomeration, and deagglomeration. The article also provides useful information on milling equipment such as tumbler ball mills, vibratory ball mills, attrition mills, and hammer and rod mills.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Metal Powder Production and Characterization
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006086
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... on required production rates, powder properties, and the physical and chemical properties of the material. Chemical and electrolytic methods are useful for producing high-purity powders. Mechanical comminution (or milling) is the most widely used method of powder production for hardmetals and oxides...
Abstract
Various powder production processes allow precise control of the chemical composition and physical characteristics of powders and allow tailoring of specific attributes for targeted applications. Metal powders are produced by either mechanical methods or chemical methods. The commonly used mechanical methods include water and gas atomization, milling, mechanical alloying, and electrolysis. Some chemical methods include reduction of oxides. This article provides information on the reliable techniques for powder characterization and testing to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of metal powders, both as individual particles and in bulk forms.
Book Chapter
Corrosive Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... Fig. 2 Ball mill liner plates. (a) New condition, before installation. (b) Worn condition, with partially worn grinding belt Fig. 3 Worn cone crusher liner after three months of use Corrosion and wear damage arising from comminution is equivalent to 12% of more than 30 billion kW·h...
Abstract
This article focuses on the corrosion-wear synergism in aqueous slurry and grinding environments. It describes the effects of environmental factors on corrosive wear and provides information on the impact and three-body abrasive-corrosive wear. The article also discusses the various means for combating corrosive wear, namely, materials selection, surface treatments, and handling-environment modifications.
Book Chapter
Metal Powder Production and Powder Size and Shape Distribution
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
.... Suitable methods for powder production depend on required production rates, powder properties, and the physical and chemical properties of the material. Chemical and electrolytic methods are useful for producing high-purity powders. Mechanical comminution (or milling) is the most widely used method...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the general methods of metal powder production. It details the primary methods for particle sizing used in additive manufacturing: sieving, laser diffraction and scattering, and digital image analysis. Methods of interpreting and understanding particle size distribution (PSD) data are presented, with an emphasis on the differences between count- and volume-based PSDs. The article then outlines practices for both qualitative and quantitative assessment of particle morphology.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001086
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... recently been introduced as a powder production technique. Atomization has several potential advantages over mechanical comminution methods. Atomization typically produces a spherical particle, and the use of such a particle is logically the most effective means of eliminating property anisotropy resulting...
Abstract
Beryllium is a metal with an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties that make it particularly effective in optical components, precision instruments, and specialized aerospace applications. Almost all of the beryllium in use is a powder metallurgy (P/M) product. Beginning with an overview of the mining and refining processes of beryllium, this article discusses powder production and consolidation methods, beryllium grades and their designations, and the protective measures that have been enacted to reduce exposure to beryllium.
Book Chapter
Aluminum P/M Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... (optional), which includes mechanical alloying or comminution of melt-spun ribbon into powder for subsequent handling. Mechanical alloying is used for fabricating oxide-dispersion strengthened alloys. Pure metal and alloying ingredients are mechanically alloyed using high-energy ball mills. During...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the composition and properties of powder metallurgy (P/M) aluminum powders for pressed and sintered parts. It includes the steps involved in the processing of high-performance P/M alloys. The article describes the classes of high-performance P/M alloys, including corrosion-resistant alloys (stress-corrosion cracking), elevated-temperature alloys, and low density/high-stiffness alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
...: (a) new condition before installation, and (b) worn condition with partially worn grinding belt Fig. 7 Worn cone crusher liner after three months of use Corrosion and wear damage arising from comminution is equivalent to 12% of more than 30 billion kW ⋅ h of energy consumed annually...
Abstract
Tribocorrosion is the subject dealing with complex, synergistic effects of chemical and mechanical conditions that cause wear. This article begins with a discussion on oxidative wear and corrosive wear, as well as quantitative measurements of corrosion, mechanical wear, and wear-corrosion effects. It illustrates the mechanism of corrosive-abrasive wear and discusses the factors affecting two-body wear. These factors include particle shape, size, density, and hardness; slurry velocity; slurry particle angle of attack; solids concentration in the slurry; hydrodynamic factors; corrosion products and the mass transfer of oxygen. The article describes slurry particle impingement tests and grinding tribocorrosion tests, as well as the factors to be considered for mitigating corrosive wear, such as materials selection, surface treatments, and environment modifications.
Book Chapter
Production of Carbide Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006052
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... oxidation. The coldstream process ( Ref 12 ) is a step toward higher-purity powder, whereby comminution is accomplished by accelerating crushed scrap parts (<4 mm, or 0.16 in., in size) in a high-pressure gas stream (air) and allowing them to strike a target. The resulting fractured powder...
Abstract
This article discusses the methods and procedures used to extract, purify, and synthesize tungsten carbide powder, metal, and other refractory carbide/nitride powders used in hard metal production. Selection of powders, additives, equipment, and processes for making ready-to-press hard metal powders is also discussed. The article also provides information on the emerging technologies for tungsten carbide synthesis and binders in hard metal production, such as cobalt, iron, and nickel.
Book Chapter
Failure Analysis of Medical Devices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
Abstract
Bearing in mind the three-legged stool approach of device design/manufacturing, patient factors, and surgical technique, this article aims to inform the failure analyst of the metallurgical and materials engineering aspects of a medical device failure investigation. It focuses on the device "failures" that include fracture, wear, and corrosion. The article first discusses failure modes of long-term orthopedic and cardiovascular implants. The article then focuses on short-term implants, typically bone screws and plates. Lastly, failure modes of surgical tools are discussed. The conclusion of this article presents several case studies illustrating the various failure modes discussed throughout.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... that can be obtained. The extent of comminution to obtain the higher degree of concentration through greater liberation must be justified by the increased cost of grinding. When the particle size is very small, concentration processes do not work as efficiently and tailing losses are high. In addition...
Abstract
Ores, which consist of the primary valuable mineral, predominant gangue content, valuable by-products, and detrimental impurities, are extracted and directed to mineral processing. This article describes the mineral processing facilities, such as crushers, grinders, concentrators, separators, and flotation devices that are used for particle size reduction, separation of particles according to their settling rates in fluids and dewatering of concentrate particles. It explains the basic principles, flow diagrams, ore concentrate preparation methods, and equipment of major types of metallurgical processes, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and electrometallurgical processes.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006090
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... and for desulfurizing hot metal. Powder is produced by a variety of methods of comminution of solid or liquid metal. Magnesium powders produced by chipping and milling are used for military flares, fireworks, and the production of uranium. In addition, these powders are used in the chemical and pharmaceutical...
Abstract
The primary market for metal powder is the production of powder metallurgy (PM) parts, which are dominated primarily by iron and copper powders. This article reviews the chemical and pyrotechnics applications of ferrous and nonferrous powders. It describes the characteristics of iron powder used in oxygen scavengers and chemical reactive warmers and heaters. Metal powders used as fuels in solid propellants, pyrotechnic devices, explosives, and similar applications are reviewed. Atomized aluminum, magnesium, tungsten, and zirconium powders are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
Abstract
The article provides a discussion on the parameters influencing abrasive wear and the elements and standards of abrasion wear tests. It emphasizes the general test procedures, advantages, and limitations of various types of abrasive wear testing. Wear testing for scratch wear, dry abrasion against fixed particles, dry abrasion against loose particles, wet abrasion against fixed or loose particles, gouging-abrasion, small particle erosion, impact abrasion, slurry abrasion, and microabrasion, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
..., ball milling) to modify powder shape and size or to introduce strengthening features, or comminution such as that used to cut melt-spun ribbon into powder flakes for subsequent handling. Aluminum has a high affinity for moisture, and aluminum powders readily adsorb water. The elevated temperatures...
Abstract
This article discusses the applications of high-strength aluminum powder metallurgy (P/M) alloys, detailing the advantages, properties, and the various steps involved in P/M technology, including powder production, powder processing, and degassing and consolidation. Three areas of design efforts to push the inherent advantages of aluminum alloys to new limits are also covered: high ambient-temperature strength with improved corrosion and stress corrosion cracking resistance; improved elevated-temperature properties so aluminum alloys can more effectively compete with titanium alloys; and increased stiffness and/or reduced density for aluminum alloys to compete with organic composites. An appendix provides a detailed account of the properties, processing, and applications of conventionally pressed and sintered aluminum P/M alloys.
Book Chapter
Production of Titanium Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... comminution process usually carried out by a series of boring, shearing, crushing, and screening steps. The TiH 2 powder is mechanically ground inside the retort to the desired particle size and then extracted and compacted in an inert environment for subsequent sintering and dehydriding. Furthermore...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium powder significantly improves the synthesis of titanium and its alloys.
Book Chapter
Glossary of Terms: Thermal Spray Technology
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005748
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... elongated grains formed by unidirectional stresses. growth. sprayed overlay. comminution. Reducing to powder by mechan- clad powder. See preferred term powder clad. cobalt and cobalt alloys. Tough, silver-gray ical means. See also pulverization. classi cation. Separation of a powder into magnetic metal...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of definition of the terms related to thermal spray coating technology.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003629
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... , p 160 – 166 4. Comminution and Energy Consumption , National Academy of Sciences , Washington, D.C. , 1981 , p 27 5. Moore J.J. and Iwasaki I. , The Role of Abrasion and Corrosion in Grinding Media Wear , DOE/ID/12441-T1, Vol 1 , Office of Scientific and Technical...
Abstract
This article describes the methods of wear measurements and a model of corrosive wear in mill atmospheres. It explains the polarization curves of pyrrhotite and high-carbon low-alloy steel in a quartzite slurry with examples. The surfaces of pyrrhotite in contact with mild steel or stainless steel affected by galvanic interaction are discussed. The article contains a table that lists the results of laboratory marked ball wear tests for three types of steel balls in wet grinding of magnetic taconite. It also provides information on the mechanism of electrochemical interaction and relative significance of corrosion and abrasion in wear. Galvanic interactions in multielectrode systems are reviewed. The article presents a case history on the material selection for grinding balls to minimize corrosion loss and the adverse effect on flotation.
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