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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Abstract This article discusses the need, purposes, and objectives of codes and standards. It describes several types of codes, such as safety and trade codes, and the different types of standards, namely, industry consensus standards, product definition standards, and commercial standards...
Abstract
This article discusses the need, purposes, and objectives of codes and standards. It describes several types of codes, such as safety and trade codes, and the different types of standards, namely, industry consensus standards, product definition standards, and commercial standards. The article provides information on organizations that prepare codes and standards. It tabulates sponsoring organizations for the standards published by the American National Standards Institute and concludes with a discussion on a designer's responsibilities.
Image
Phases present in standard commercial alloys at various quenching temperatu...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Image
Phases present in standard commercial alloys at various quenching temperatu...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 8 Phases present in standard commercial alloys at various quenching temperatures. Source: Ref 21
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Book Chapter
Properties of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract This article is a compilation of the property data for standard grades of wrought copper and copper alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, physical, thermal, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. The list for each alloy includes its commercial names, chemical composition...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of the property data for standard grades of wrought copper and copper alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, physical, thermal, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. The list for each alloy includes its commercial names, chemical composition, relevant specifications and standards, fabrication characteristics, mass characteristics, and applications.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005719
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... Abstract This article discusses various control processes carried out in powder feeding, thermal spraying, and gas flow of the thermal spray process to standardize the coating quality. Quality of the entire powder feeding process can be achieved by controlling the processing of feeding...
Abstract
This article discusses various control processes carried out in powder feeding, thermal spraying, and gas flow of the thermal spray process to standardize the coating quality. Quality of the entire powder feeding process can be achieved by controlling the processing of feeding equipment as well as the characteristics of the powder being fed. Gas flow control can be achieved by using rotameters, critical orifices, and thermal mass flowmeters, whose ability to provide useful information is defined by their resolution, accuracy, linearity, and repeatability. The commercial thermal spray controls discussed here include the open-loop input-based, open-loop output-based, closed-loop input-based, and closed-loop output-based or adaptive controls. The article discusses the common causes and practical solutions for arc starting problems. It also outlines certain important developments in measuring individual and collective particle velocities, temperature, and trajectories as well as other plume characteristics for the plasma spray process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001062
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract This article is a compilation of property data for standard grades of cast aluminum alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. The listing for each alloy includes commercial names, chemical compositions, applications, relevant specifications...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of property data for standard grades of cast aluminum alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. The listing for each alloy includes commercial names, chemical compositions, applications, relevant specifications, fabrication characteristics, and mass characteristics.
Book Chapter
Fatigue, Creep Fatigue, and Thermomechanical Fatigue Life Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003314
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., and, therefore, many can be applied to a standard test specimen and used to measure bending strains, Poisson's ratio, and strains in various axes. Commercially available gages provide resolutions and accuracies suitable for fatigue testing. Standard texts on strain gage usage (see, for example, Ref 6 ) can...
Abstract
This article describes the phenomena of crack initiation and early growth. It examines specimen design and preparation as well as the apparatus used in crack initiation testing. The article provides descriptions of the various commercially available fatigue testing machines: axial fatigue testing machines and bending fatigue machines. Load cells, grips and alignment devices, extensometry and strain measuring devices, environmental chambers, graphic recorders, furnaces, and heating systems of ancillary equipment are discussed. The article presents technologies available to accomplish closed loop control of materials testing systems in performing standard materials tests and for the development of custom testing applications. It explores the advanced software tools for materials testing. The article includes a description of baseline isothermal fatigue testing, creep-fatigue interaction, and thermomechanical fatigue. The effects of various variables on fatigue resistance and guidelines for fatigue testing are also presented.
Book Chapter
1100 and 1100A 99.00 Aluminum Minimum -0.12Cu
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006592
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... Abstract This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, fabrication characteristics, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and applications of commercially pure aluminum grades 1100 and 1100A. It contains table that lists the standard specifications for 1100...
Abstract
This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, fabrication characteristics, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and applications of commercially pure aluminum grades 1100 and 1100A. It contains table that lists the standard specifications for 1100 aluminum. The reflectivity of 1100 aluminum as a function of aluminum oxide coating thickness and emissivity of 1100 aluminum foil as a function of coating thickness are illustrated.
Book Chapter
Aluminum Alloy Nomenclature and Temper Designations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006482
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract Commercial aluminum alloys are classified based on how they are made and what they contain. This article describes the ANSI H35.1 designation system, which is widely used to classify wrought and cast aluminum alloys. The ANSI standard uses a four-digit numbering system to identify...
Abstract
Commercial aluminum alloys are classified based on how they are made and what they contain. This article describes the ANSI H35.1 designation system, which is widely used to classify wrought and cast aluminum alloys. The ANSI standard uses a four-digit numbering system to identify alloying elements, compositional modifications, purity levels, and product types. It also uses a multicharacter code to convey process-related details on heat treating, hardening, cooling, cold working, and other stabilization treatments. The article includes several large tables that provide extensive information on aluminum alloy and temper designations and how they correspond to critical mechanical properties as well as other designation systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004120
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... For this reason and others, there has been a large effort in the DOD over the past ten years to evaluate the suitability of commercial specifications and standards (such as ASTM) and adopt them where suitable, canceling the associated military specification in the process. This effort has taken place under...
Abstract
This article provides a perspective on United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DOD) specifications, standards, handbooks, and related documents, as well as their role in the corrosion prevention and control activities in the U.S. military.
Book Chapter
Closed-Die Steel Forgings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003097
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... in Table 2 . Draft angles and tolerances for steel forgings Table 2 Draft angles and tolerances for steel forgings Height or depth of draft Commercial standard Special standard mm in. Draft, degree Tolerance (a) , degree Draft, degree Tolerance (a) , degree Outside draft...
Abstract
Forging is the process of working hot metal between dies, usually under successive blows and sometimes by continuous squeezing. This article describes the material selection criteria, quality assurance tests for forged components, and the dimensional tolerances of closed-die steel forgings. It provides an overview of the mechanical properties of wrought materials. The article also includes information on the fundamentals of hammer and press forgings and the design of hot upset forgings.
Book Chapter
History and Evolution of Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... founded Helisys in 1985, and laminated object manufacturing (LOM), a stack-and-cut process, was commercialized in 1991 ( Ref 36 ). In 1994, Kira Corp. commercialized Japan’s first nonstereolithography system. Called Solid Center, it used a standard laser printer engine, toner, and an x - y plotter...
Abstract
This article presents a brief history of additive manufacturing (AM). It begins by describing additive manufacturing prehistory, dating back to 1860, which is characterized by additive part creation without the use of a computer. The article then discusses the development of additive manufacturing processes occurring in the period from 1968 to 1984 and is followed by a section on modern additive manufacturing (1981 to the late 2000s). The article concludes by providing information on the growth of additive manufacturing since 2010 and the development of standards.
Book Chapter
Glass Fibers
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., fabric constructions, fabric weights, and commercial sources. ASTM Test Methods ASTM has published standard test methods for glass density ( Ref 17 ), alternating current loss characteristics and dielectric constant ( Ref 18 ), direct current conductance of insulating materials ( Ref 19...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, oxide composition, as well as mechanical and physical properties of general-purpose and special-purpose glass fibers. It describes the glass melting and fiber forming processes and provides information on important commercial products such as continuous roving, woven roving, fiberglass mat, chopped strand, and textile yarns.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0009241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... carbon fibers Table 1 Properties of PAN-based carbon fibers Property Commercial, standard modulus Aerospace Standard modulus Intermediate modulus High modulus Tensile modulus, GPa (10 6 psi) 228 (33) 220–241 (32–35) 290–297 (42–43) 345–448 (50–65) Tensile strength, MPa (ksi...
Abstract
The earliest commercial use of carbon fibers is often attributed to Thomas Edison's carbonization of cotton and bamboo fibers for incandescent lamp filaments. This article describes the manufacture of PAN-based carbon fibers and pitch-based carbon fibers. It discusses the properties and characteristics of carbon fibers in terms of axial structure, transverse structure, and interfacial bonding. The article discusses the typical applications of carbon fibers, including aerospace and sporting goods. It concludes with a discussion on anticipated developments in carbon fibers.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2026
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0007043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-489-5
.... In addition, it covers all commercially available carbon, ceramic, boron, and high-temperature polymer fibers and yarns. This data book lists all yarn counts, fabric constructions, fabric weights, and commercial sources. ASTM International has published standard test methods for glass density ( Ref 20...
Abstract
This article describes glass fibers derived from silica, alumina, and calcium oxide compositions. The section on general-purpose glass fibers provides an in-depth discussion of melt properties, fiber properties, methods of manufacture, and significant product types. The article discusses special-purpose glass fibers and reviews compositions, manufacture, properties, and applications to an extent commensurate with their commercial use. It addresses the generic glass melting and fiber forming process, including the viscosity-versus-temperature profile required for general-purpose E-glass fibers with and without boron. The article also discusses continuous multiend or single-end roving, woven roving (or noncrimp fabrics), fiberglass mats, chopped strands, and yarns for textile applications.
Book Chapter
Quality Assurance of Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of spherical equivalent diameter as a function of maximum particle dimension for an irregular particle with relative dimensions of 2.5 to 2 to 1 Commercially available silicon carbide, alumina, and boron carbide powders are measured by techniques defined in the British Abrasive Federation standard FEPA...
Abstract
This article describes the characterization techniques, mechanical tests, and nondestructive evaluation methods that are commonly used for metal-matrix composites. It also tabulates typical methods of particle size and size distribution measurement, as well as mechanical test specifications for aluminum-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
P/M Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... sintering. Compositions and Properties Compositions Compositions of widely used commercial grades of stainless steels are given in Table 1 . Modified versions of these standard MPIF grades include alloys containing 1 to 2% Sn, 2% Cu, or 6% Mo for improved corrosion resistance; alloys containing 3...
Abstract
Stainless steel powder metallurgy (P/M) parts represent an important and growing segment of the P/M industry. This article describes the processing, properties, and composition of medium-density and high-density P/M stainless steels. Medium-density materials are processed by pressing and sintering prealloyed stainless powders. High-density materials are produced by hot isostatic pressing, cold isostatic pressing followed by extrusion, or metal injection molding. The comparison of mechanical properties of these P/M stainless steels is represented graphically. The article contains a table that lists the effect of iron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and density on the corrosion resistance of the sintered austenitic stainless steels.
Image
Seven typical deep-drawn parts. Corner radii comply with standard commercia...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 3 Seven typical deep-drawn parts. Corner radii comply with standard commercial practice. Table 2 lists typical die materials used for drawing parts of similar configuration. Dimensions given in inches
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Image
Microstructure of commercially pure (CP) titanium joint brazed in vacuum at...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
Fig. 1 Microstructure of commercially pure (CP) titanium joint brazed in vacuum at 890 °C (1630 °F) for 10 min using a standard filler metal BTi-5 in the form of amorphous foil 50 μm thick. Original magnification: 200×
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Image
Very soft metals; commercially pure tin (hardness, 6 HV). (a) Etched in 10%...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 16 Very soft metals; commercially pure tin (hardness, 6 HV). (a) Etched in 10% ammonium persulfate solution. Bright-field illumination. (b) Not etched. Polarized light illumination. A final polishing process incorporating a component of chemical solution is needed to achieve this standard
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