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Book Chapter

By Menachem Kimchi
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005583
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
.... The progressive development of this technology ( Table 1 ) has served as the basis for the modern high-speed pipe and tube welding systems in current use. In this continuous process, high-frequency current is concentrated in the formed strip edges and generates rapid heating in a small volume of metal at the weld...
Book Chapter

By Robin Lampson, Todd Telfer
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... , cathode voltage; d a , anode current density; d c , cathode current density Most plasma heaters operate on direct current (dc) and are designed as either nontransferred or transferred arcs ( Fig. 2 ). However, three-phase alternating current plasma torches are employed in plasma heating...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
.... Direct-Current Plasma Nitriding (1970–1980) The first industrial-designed-sized furnaces by Klöckner Ionon were cold-walled furnaces that used water to cool the furnace walls. In comparison to other nitriding technologies, the plasma method offered significant advantages of lower operating costs...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005895
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... with cold crucible in the vacuum chamber The typical electrical efficiency of an IFCC installation, that is, the part of the energy that is induced in the charge material, is approximately 30%, while the rest of the energy is lost in the inductor (∼15%) and wall segments. The electric currents...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006467
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... when the current is turned on, electrical contact is usually made by soft metallic pads held firmly against the bar ends. Power Requirements The power used can be direct current or alternating current. Direct current may be from batteries or rectified alternating current. Alternating current...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... and low wire accumulation on each block and disengage or engage appropriate block clutches. A single direct-current (dc) motor drives a coupled lineshaft that carries the clutches. Only the inlet block has to be stopped in the event of a payoff snarl, allowing the machine to continue production while...
Book Chapter

By G. Keough
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... turbulent methods of skull casting, with promising results for casting complex and thin-walled near-net shape parts. Fig. 4 Cross section of induction skull melting (ISM) crucible with two different configurations of alternating current (ac) and direct current (dc) coils used in trials. Source: Ref...
Book Chapter

By Valery Rudnev
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005891
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... electrical efficiency, avoid current cancellation between coil legs with current flowing in opposite direction, and focus heating in the required region. The frequency is 10 kHz.Target temperature of the heated area is 1200 °C (2190 °F). Fig. 1 (a) Magnetic field distribution and finite element mesh...
Book Chapter

By David J. McEnroe
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... to skull melting of glass using induction heating. Her furnace design for rapid melting of high-purity and/or aggressive and/or high-melting glasses in a skull crucible uses direct heating of the glass by induction ( Ref 23 ). The crucible walls are cold due to water cooling and the hottest zone...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
...ASM Handbook, Volume 1A, Cast Iron Science and Technology Copyright # 2017 ASM InternationalW D.M. Stefanescu, editor All rights reserved DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006352 www.asminternational.org Abbreviations and Symbols a activity, interatomic spacing, crack length dc direct current A area DCRP...
Book Chapter

By Ralph Y. Perkul
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005196
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the furnace and auxiliaries. With the variety of software that is currently available, the operator can choose screens such as systems data, automatic lining sintering, automatic cold starting of the furnace after a prolonged shutdown, automatic melting programs for various alloys, continuous calculated...
Book Chapter

By Lesley D. Frame
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., and it is used to detect notches and pinholes through the wall. Various means are used to magnetize the tube. A current-carrying conductor inside the tube produces a circular magnetic field, magnetizing the tube in a circumferential direction. The magnetic flux is diverted by the longitudinal component...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005202
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... are essential. This includes aerospace applications, high-strength steels, ball-bearing steels, die steels, tool steels (cold and hot work steels), power generation, defense, and medical and nuclear industries. Process Description The basic process of VAR ( Fig. 1 ) is the continuous melting...
Book Chapter

By A. Hudgins, C. Roepke, B. James, B. Kondori, B. Whitley
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... to be perpendicular to the wall thickness, oriented in a radial direction. If the pipe material has sufficient ductility, and because constraint is reduced as the fracture propagates, the fracture plane will generally transition (from perpendicular to the wall thickness at the origin) to a roughly 45° angle...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005846
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., and linear coils. It provides information on the role of magnetic flux controllers for whole-body and local area mass-heating applications, continuous induction tube welding, seam-annealing inductors, and various induction melting systems, namely, channel-type, crucible-type, and cold crucible systems...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., and cold-rolled products, and briefly explains the analytical techniques for liquid steels. continuous casting hot rolling ingot casting ironmaking practices liquid steel analytical techniques secondary steelmaking practices special-quality steels specialized processing routes steelmaking...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... current to break down the shield gas and is sustained by current provided by a welding power supply (though typically 50 to 400 A, although this can be higher or lower) operating at a low voltage (typically 8 to 12 V). A direct current, with the electrode negative and the workpiece positive, is often...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
..., and particle ingot and powder. It describes the molten metal processing and ingot casting process in terms of open-mold casting and direct chill process. The article examines the continuous processes that provide commercial alternatives to conventional ingot casting. It reviews the postsolidification processes...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005286
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the industry, but specialization based on proprietary designs, developments, and practices continues to complicate discussions of ingot casting process technology. Process principles are less controversial and serve the purpose of this discussion. Open-Mold Casting Alloyed and unalloyed remelt ingots...
Book Chapter

By John Weritz, S. Lampman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006518
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... to the fiber orientation. Designers can use this effect to advantage by aligning the grain flow in the direction in which the part will experience the greatest stresses during use. Additional hot working continues to refine the microstructure. Aluminum products can be worked and shaped by hot and cold...