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cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 34 Polarization curve for cast cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy shown in Fig. 25(a) . The alloy was tested at a scan rate of about 1.5 mV/s (1.8 V/h) in aerated physiologic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) that was heated and held at a temperature of 37±1 °C (99±2 °F) with a pH of 7.4
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
through screw and nut. The nut shows as-cast structures of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (type ASTM F75). 160×. (d) Longitudinal section of the other broken pin in the cold-worked condition with fewer grain-boundary precipitates, lines of primary inclusions, and a small surface crack (there were more
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 6 Biomedical applications for investment castings. (a) Whiteside hip-femoral prosthesis. (b) Whiteside II-C knee-tibial base. (c) London elbow-humeral prosthesis. All cast in ASTM F75 cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy; all courtesy of Dow Corning Wright
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 25 SEM micrographs in the backscattered electron mode showing the varied microstructures of five different types of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys at a magnification of 1000×. The samples were polished to a 0.05 μm (0.002 mils) finish and electrolytically etched in 2% HCl at 3.5 V
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 24 SEM micrographs showing the microstructure of an ASTM F 75 cast cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy that was subjected to a homogenizing anneal. (a) SEM in the secondary electron mode showing both intragranular and intergranular carbide distribution. 350×. (b) SEM in the backscattered
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 33 Broken hip prosthesis of cast type ASTM F75 cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy. (a) Radiograph of total hip prosthesis. Circular wire marks acetabulum component made from plastics. Arrows (from top to bottom) indicate the area where the prosthesis stem is loosening at the collar, a stem
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., indium, and grain refiners. The nickel-base alloys are alloyed with chromium, iron, molybdenum, and other elements. Alloys for porcelain fused to alloy restorations are gold-, palladium-, nickel-, or cobalt-base compositions. The gold-base alloys are divided into gold-platinum-palladium, gold...
Abstract
This article describes dental alloy compositions and its properties. It discusses the safety and efficacy considerations of dental alloy devices. The article defines and compares interstitial fluid and oral fluid environments. Artificial solutions developed for the testing and evaluation of dental materials are summarized. The article examines the effects of restoration contact on electrochemical parameters and reviews the concentration cells developed by dental alloy-environment electrochemical reactions. The composition and characterization of biofilms, corrosion products, and other debris that deposit on dental material surfaces are discussed. The article evaluates the types of alloys available for dental applications, including direct filling alloys, crown and bridge alloys, partial denture alloys, porcelain fused to metal alloys, wrought wire alloys, soldering alloys, and implant alloys. The effects of composition and microstructure on the corrosion of each alloy group are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the tarnishing and corrosion behavior of these alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... alloys. biomedical applications cast cobalt alloys cast cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys chemical composition cobalt-chromium alloy implants coring corrosion properties crystal structure diffusionless phase transformation lattice defects mechanical properties metal powder processing...
Abstract
This article reviews the concepts considered important for an understanding of the processes used for preparing cobalt-chromium alloy implants, the microstructures resulting from this processing, and the resulting material properties. The review includes solidification of alloys, diffusionless (martensitic) phase transformation as occurs with face-centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed transformation in cobalt-chromium alloys, and stacking faults and twins and their role in this transformation. It also discusses the strengthening mechanisms that are responsible for the mechanical properties of cast and wrought cobalt alloys. The article contains tables that list the commonly used cobalt alloys and their biomedical applications and chemical compositions. It discusses the mechanical and corrosion properties of cobalt alloys, and provides a description of the microstructure of cobalt alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... later identified tungsten and molybdenum as powerful strengthening agents within the cobalt-chromium system. These developments led to various cobalt-base alloys for corrosion and high-temperature applications in the 1930s and early 1940s. Of the corrosion-resistant alloys, a Co-Cr-Mo alloy...
Abstract
Cobalt is used as an alloying element in alloys for various applications. This article provides a detailed account of the metallurgy of cobalt-base alloys. It focuses on the compositions, properties, and applications of cobalt-base alloys, which include wear-resistant cobalt alloys, heat-resistant cobalt alloys, and cobalt-base corrosion-resistant alloys. The article also describes the heat treatments such as annealing and aging, for these alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... MP35N, Multiphase alloy bal 20 … 10 … … 35 … … … Haynes alloy 1233 bal 25.5 2 5 0.08 (max) 3 9 … … 0.1N (max) (a) bal, balance Historically, many of the commercial cobalt-base alloys are derived from the cobalt-chromium-tungsten and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum...
Abstract
This article provides a general overview of physical and mechanical properties, alloy compositions, applications, and product forms of cobalt-base alloys as wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and/or heat-resistant materials. The discussion is largely focused on cobalt-base alloys for wear resistance, as this is the single largest application area of cobalt-base alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... in the Section “Carbon and Alloy Steels” in this Handbook. Wear-Resistant Alloys The cobalt-base wear alloys used currently have changed little since the development of cobalt-chromium-tungsten and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys (Stellites) by Elwood Haynes at the turn of the century. The most...
Abstract
Cobalt finds its use in various applications owing to its magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and its strength at elevated temperatures. This article discusses the mining and processing of cobalt and cobalt alloys. It describes the types of cobalt alloys, including wear-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, corrosion-resistant alloys, and special-purpose alloys. The article provides data on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and physical properties of these alloys. Further, it provides information on the uses of cobalt in superalloys, cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys, and high-speed tool steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
..., and Smith-Peterson ( Ref 10 , 11 ) between 1923 and 1938. A remarkable range of materials was interposed between the bone ends, including muscle, wood, ivory, gold foil, celluloid, pyrex, phenol-formaldehyde resin, and a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy known as Vitallium then used in dentistry...
Abstract
Total joint replacement in orthopedic surgery can be achieved by excision, interposition, and replacement arthroplasty. This article details the most common materials used in total replacement synovial joints: metals, ceramics, and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The principal physical properties and tribological characteristics of these materials are summarized. The article discusses pin-on-disk experiments and pin-on-plate experiments for determining friction and wear characteristics. It explains the use of various types of joint simulators, such as hip joint simulators and knee joint simulators, to evaluate the performance of engineering tribological components in machine simulators. The article concludes with a section on the in vivo assessment of total joint replacement performance.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...-chromium-molybdenum alloy: ASTM F 75-82, ISO 5832/IV (1978) Wrought cobalt-base alloys: ASTM F 90-82, ASTM F 562-84, ISO/DIS 5832/6, ASTM F 563-83, ISO/DIS 5832/8 Certain applications—for example, in the skull—involve use of tantalum and niobium, both of which have high corrosion resistance...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the prosthetic devices and implants used for internal fixation. It describes the complications related to implants and provides a list of major standards for orthopedic implant materials. The article illustrates the body environment and its interactions with implants. The considerations for designing internal fixation devices are also described. The article analyzes failed internal fixation devices by explaining the failures of implants and prosthetic devices due to implant deficiencies, mechanical or biomechanical conditions, and degradation. Finally, the article discusses the fatigue properties of implant materials and the fractures of total hip joint prostheses.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003771
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... and Co-Cr-Mo ternaries first investigated in the early twentieth century by Elwood Haynes. He discovered the high strength and stainless nature of binary cobalt-chromium alloys and first patented cobalt-chromium alloys in 1907. He later identified tungsten and molybdenum as powerful strengthening agents...
Abstract
This article describes the metallurgy and microstructure of high-performance cobalt-base alloys. It discusses metallographic preparation procedures, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, staining, and heat tinting. It examines the microstructure of cobalt alloys in cast, wrought, and powder metal forms, including magnetic alloys as well as several cobalt-base superalloys.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... (Carbon - Iron - Nickel)” , “C-Fe-Si (Carbon - Iron - Silicon)” , “C-Fe-V (Carbon - Iron - Vanadium)” and “C-Fe-W (Carbon - Iron - Tungsten)” in the article “C (Carbon) Ternary Phase Diagrams.” “Co-Cr-Fe (Cobalt - Chromium - Iron)” , “Co-Fe-Mo (Cobalt - Iron - Molybdenum)” , “Co-Fe-Ni (Cobalt...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which iron (Fe) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 16 phase diagrams: Fe-Mn-Ni liquidus projection; Fe-Mn-Ni isothermal section at 750 °C; Fe-Mn-Ni isothermal section at 850 °C; Fe-Mn-Ni isothermal section at 650 °C; Fe-Mn-Ni isothermal section at 550 °C; Fe-Mo-Nb isothermal section at 1050 °C; Fe-Mo-Nb isothermal section at 1150 °C; Fe-Mo-Nb isothermal section at 900 °C; Fe-Mo-Ni liquidus projection; Fe-Mo-Ni isothermal section at 1100 °C; Fe-Mo-Ni isothermal section at 1200 °C; Fe-Ni-W liquidus and solidus projections; Fe-Ni-W isothermal section at 1500 °C; Fe-Ni-W isothermal section at 1455 °C; Fe-Ni-W isothermal section at 1465 °C; and Fe-Ni-W isothermal section at 1400 °C.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... - Molybdenum - Nickel)” and “Al-Mo-Ti (Aluminum - Molybdenum - Titanium)” in the article “Al (Aluminum) Ternary Phase Diagrams.” “C-Cr-Mo (Carbon - Chromium - Molybdenum).” and “C-Fe-Mo (Carbon - Iron - Molybdenum.” in the article “C (Carbon) Ternary Phase Diagrams.” “Co-Fe-Mo (Cobalt - Iron...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which molybdenum (Mo) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 8 phase diagrams: Mo-Nb-Ti isothermal section at 600 °C; Mo-Nb-Ti isothermal section at 1100 °C; Mo-Ni-Ti isothermal section at 1200 °C; Mo-Ni-Ti isothermal section at 900 °C; Mo-Ni-W isothermal section at 700 °C; Mo-Ni-W isothermal section at 1000 °C; Mo-Ti-W isothermal section at 2227 °C; and Mo-Ti-W isothermal section at 1000 °C.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
...) Haynes International Chromium All of the commonly used cobalt alloys contain chromium. This element provides protection against oxidation and hot corrosion. Chromium also participates in carbide precipitation. Refractory Elements Refractory elements such as tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum...
Abstract
This article discusses the physical metallurgy of cast cobalt alloys with an emphasis on the crystallography, compositions, phases and microstructure, and properties. Cobalt alloys are cast by several different foundry methods. The article describes the argon-oxygen decarburization and continuous casting process. It provides information on castability and quality of the casted alloys. The article details the postcasting treatment, including heat treatment, hot isostatic pressing, and coatings. It summarizes the applications of cast cobalt alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003162
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... hardfacing materials are normally classified as steels or low-alloy ferrous materials, high-chromium white irons or high-alloy ferrous materials, carbides, nickel-base alloys, or cobalt-base alloys. A few copper-base alloys are sometimes used for hardfacing applications, but for the most part, hardfacing...
Abstract
Hardfacing is defined as the application of a wear-resistant material, in depth, to the vulnerable surfaces of a component by a weld overlay or thermal spray process Hardfacing materials include a wide variety of alloys, carbides, and combinations of these materials. Iron-base hardfacing alloys can be divided into pearlitic steels, austenitic (manganese) steels, martensitic steels, high-alloy irons, and austenitic stainless steel. The types of nonferrous hardfacing alloys include cobalt-base/carbide-type alloys, laves phase alloys, nickel-base/boride-type alloys, and bronze type alloys. Hardfacing applications for wear control vary widely, ranging from very severe abrasive wear service, such as rock crushing and pulverizing to applications to minimize metal-to-metal wear. This article discusses the types of hardfacing alloys, namely iron-base alloys, nonferrous alloys, and tungsten carbides, and their applications and advantages.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract This article focuses on alternatives to chromium in both hard chromium plating and chromate conversion coating. These include electroless nickel plating, nickel-tungsten composite electroplating, spray coating applications, and cobalt/molybdenum-base conversion coating. The article...
Abstract
This article focuses on alternatives to chromium in both hard chromium plating and chromate conversion coating. These include electroless nickel plating, nickel-tungsten composite electroplating, spray coating applications, and cobalt/molybdenum-base conversion coating. The article discusses the material and process substitutions that can be used to eliminate the use or emissions of chromium in industrial processes. It describes the physical characteristics of each coating, economics, environmental impacts, advantages, and disadvantages of alternative processes.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006178
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Phase Diagrams” “C-Mo (Carbon - Molybdenum)” in the article “C (Carbon) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams” “Co-Mo (Cobalt - Molybdenum)” in the article “Co (Cobalt) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams” “Cr-Mo (Chromium - Molybdenum)” in the article “Cr (Chromium) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which molybdenum (Mo) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
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