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cobalt-base heat-resistant alloys
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Book Chapter
Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... be generally described as wear resistant, corrosion resistant, and heat resistant (strong even at high temperatures). The single largest use for cobalt-base alloys is in the area of wear-resistant components/applications. In heat-resistant applications, cobalt is more widely used as an alloying element...
Abstract
Cobalt finds its use in various applications owing to its magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and its strength at elevated temperatures. This article discusses the mining and processing of cobalt and cobalt alloys. It describes the types of cobalt alloys, including wear-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, corrosion-resistant alloys, and special-purpose alloys. The article provides data on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and physical properties of these alloys. Further, it provides information on the uses of cobalt in superalloys, cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys, and high-speed tool steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract This article provides a general overview of physical and mechanical properties, alloy compositions, applications, and product forms of cobalt-base alloys as wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and/or heat-resistant materials. The discussion is largely focused on cobalt-base alloys...
Abstract
This article provides a general overview of physical and mechanical properties, alloy compositions, applications, and product forms of cobalt-base alloys as wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and/or heat-resistant materials. The discussion is largely focused on cobalt-base alloys for wear resistance, as this is the single largest application area of cobalt-base alloys.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Heat-Resistant Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003737
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article discusses the specimen preparation of three types of cast and wrought heat-resistant alloys: iron-base, nickel-base, and cobalt-base. Specimen preparation involves sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The article illustrates the microstructural...
Abstract
This article discusses the specimen preparation of three types of cast and wrought heat-resistant alloys: iron-base, nickel-base, and cobalt-base. Specimen preparation involves sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The article illustrates the microstructural constituents of cast and wrought heat-resistant alloys. It describes the identification of ferrite by magnetic etching. The transmission electron microscopy examination of the fine strengthening phases in wrought alloys and bulk extraction in heat-resistant alloys are included. The article also reviews the gamma prime phase, gamma double prime phase, eta phase, laves phase, sigma phase, mu phase, and chi phase in wrought heat-resistant alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
..., heat-resistant cobalt alloys, and cobalt-base corrosion-resistant alloys. The article also describes the heat treatments such as annealing and aging, for these alloys. cobalt-base alloys cobalt-base corrosion-resistant alloys heat treatment thermal resistance wear-resistant cobalt alloys...
Abstract
Cobalt is used as an alloying element in alloys for various applications. This article provides a detailed account of the metallurgy of cobalt-base alloys. It focuses on the compositions, properties, and applications of cobalt-base alloys, which include wear-resistant cobalt alloys, heat-resistant cobalt alloys, and cobalt-base corrosion-resistant alloys. The article also describes the heat treatments such as annealing and aging, for these alloys.
Book Chapter
Selection of Cobalt-, Titanium-, Zirconium-, and Tantalum-Base Corrosion-Resistant Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... the ductility of a welded structure. A postweld heat treatment is recommended, especially if the cold forming of a weldment after welding is a required part of the fabrication sequence. Tensile properties of welded cobalt-base corrosion-resistant alloy UNS R31233 relative to wrought and cast products at room...
Abstract
This article discusses the weldability characteristics of cobalt-base corrosion-resistant (CR) alloys, titanium-base CR alloys, zirconium-base CR alloys, and tantalum-base CR alloys that assist in the selection of suitable alloy and welding method for producing high-quality welds.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... coatings continuous casting gas turbines heat treatment hot isostatic pressing microstructure orthopedic implants phases physical metallurgy crystallography foundry methods argon-oxygen decarburization cobalt alloy castings wear-resistant alloys corrosion-resistant alloys COBALT-BASE...
Abstract
This article discusses the physical metallurgy of cast cobalt alloys with an emphasis on the crystallography, compositions, phases and microstructure, and properties. Cobalt alloys are cast by several different foundry methods. The article describes the argon-oxygen decarburization and continuous casting process. It provides information on castability and quality of the casted alloys. The article details the postcasting treatment, including heat treatment, hot isostatic pressing, and coatings. It summarizes the applications of cast cobalt alloys.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003771
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... are registered trademarks of Deloro Stellite, Inc.; Tantung is a registered trademark of Asteg Sales Pty Ltd. Compositions of various heat-resistant cobalt-base alloys Table 1b Compositions of various heat-resistant cobalt-base alloys Alloy tradename (a) UNS No. Nominal composition, wt...
Abstract
This article describes the metallurgy and microstructure of high-performance cobalt-base alloys. It discusses metallographic preparation procedures, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, staining, and heat tinting. It examines the microstructure of cobalt alloys in cast, wrought, and powder metal forms, including magnetic alloys as well as several cobalt-base superalloys.
Book Chapter
Brazing of Heat-Resistant Alloys, Low-Alloy Steels, and Tool Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract This article focuses primarily on the various steps involved in the brazing of heat-resistant alloys (nickel- and cobalt-base alloys). The major steps include the selection of brazing filler metals, surface cleaning and preparation, brazing processes and their corresponding atmospheres...
Abstract
This article focuses primarily on the various steps involved in the brazing of heat-resistant alloys (nickel- and cobalt-base alloys). The major steps include the selection of brazing filler metals, surface cleaning and preparation, brazing processes and their corresponding atmospheres, and fixturing. The article also provides an overview of the brazing of blow-alloy steels and tool steels and oxide dispersion-strengthened alloys.
Book Chapter
Strategic Materials Availability and Supply
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001052
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... was to increase the high-temperature strength of the nickel-base alloy. By the 1930s there were two iron-base “heat-resisting alloys” containing either tungsten or molybdenum additions, and the use of these two metals was widely accepted in cobalt-base alloys. In the early 1950s, alloys containing about 5 wt% Mo...
Abstract
This article reviews some of the trends in superalloy development as they relate to U.S. strategic materials availability and the aerospace industry. It discusses the supply sources and availability of strategic materials and summarizes the status of U.S. resources and reserves. The article presents a list of several superalloys that have been used in gas turbine engines or that are emerging as replacements because of the promise of increased operating temperatures and higher efficiencies for the aircraft of the future. It concentrates on the objectives, results, and methodology of the NASA Conservation of Strategic Aerospace Materials (COSAM) program.
Book Chapter
Pack Cementation Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... ) are those based on aluminum (aluminizing), chromium (chromizing), and silicon (siliconizing). Substrate materials include nickel- and cobalt-base superalloys, steels (including carbon, alloy, and stainless steels), and refractory metals and alloys. Multicomponent pack cementation coatings have been...
Abstract
Pack cementation is the most widely employed method of diffusion coating. This article briefly reviews pack cementation processes of aluminizing, chromizing, and siliconizing. It contains tables that list typical characteristics of pack cementation processes and commercial applications of pack cementation aluminizing, which is used to improve the performance of steels in high-temperature corrosive environments.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001258
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of the alloy after the heat treatment is 223 HV, compared with 55 HV for similarly treated plain nickel ( Ref 21 , 25 ). Alloys containing 19% Co or 20% Fe in addition to chromium are produced by codepositing chromium carbide from nickel-cobalt or nickel-iron base solutions and heat treating ( Ref 21...
Abstract
Nickel alloys electroplated for engineering applications include nickel-iron, nickel-cobalt, nickel-manganese, and zinc-nickel. This article provides the process description and discusses the processing variables, properties, advantages, and disadvantages of nickel-iron, nickel-cobalt, nickel-manganese alloys, and nickel chromium binary and ternary alloys. It also includes information on the environmental, health, and safety considerations for these nickel-base alloys.
Book Chapter
General Welding Characteristics of High-Temperature Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... 38.0 15.0 41.0 0.1 1.4 … 3.0 0.7 0.04 … Incoloy 909 38 … 13 42 … 1.5 … 4.7 0.03 0.01 0.4 Si Incoloy 925 44 21 … 28 3 2.1 … … 0.3 0.01 1.8 Cu Solid-solution cobalt-base alloys Haynes 25 (-605) 10.0 20.0 50.0 3.0 … … 15.0 … … 0.10 1.5 Mn Haynes...
Abstract
This article addresses the general welding characteristics common to both solid-solution-strengthened and precipitation-hardened nickel-, iron-, and cobalt alloys.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... steels, see Fig. 1 in the article “Cast Cobalt Alloys” in this Volume. Fig. 1 Comparison of the hot hardness of cobalt-base (M33, M36, M4, and T15) type versus noncobalt-base (M1, M2, M4, M7, and T1) type high-speed tool steels Wear Resistance The third component of cutting ability...
Abstract
This article discusses the classifications of high-speed tool steels and describes alloying elements and their effects on the properties of high-speed tool steels. It analyzes the heat treatment of high-speed tool steels, namely, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, and tempering. Surface treatments for the high-speed tool steels are reviewed. The article emphasizes the properties and applications of high-speed tool steels and provides information on the factors in selecting high-speed tool steels.
Book Chapter
Cemented Carbides and Cermets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... 5170 750 558 81 13 5.8 6.8 50 (a) Based on a value of 100 for the most abrasion-resistant material The commercially significant alloys contain cobalt in the range of 3 to 25 wt%. For machining purposes, alloys with 3 to 12% Co and carbide grain sizes from 0.5 to more than 5 μm...
Abstract
Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a ductile metal binder. Cermet refers to a composite of a ceramic material with a metallic binder. This article discusses the manufacture, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides. It describes the application of hard coatings to cemented carbides by physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD or CVD). Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, submicron tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys, and alloys containing tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, and cobalt are used for machining applications. The article also provides an overview of cermets used in machining applications.
Book Chapter
Friction and Wear of Cobalt-Base Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
...-temperature (heat-resistant) cobalt-base alloys Alloy 4 R30404 bal 30 14 ≤1 0.6 ≤3 ≤3 ≤2 ≤1 … Alloy 4 is a machinable casting alloy with good high-temperature strength. It is used for hot pressing dies and hot extrusion dies, especially for Cu and Al alloys. Alloy 25 (L605) R30605 bal 20...
Abstract
This article focuses on the tribological behavior of group 1, 2, and 3 cobalt-base alloys, namely, carbide-type wear-resistant alloys and laves-type wear-resistant alloys. The behavior includes hardness, yield strength and ductility, and fracture toughness. The article contains a table that lists the nominal compositions and typical applications of cobalt-base alloys. It discusses the properties and relative performance of specific alloys when subjected to the more common types of wear. These include abrasive wear, high-temperature sliding wear, rolling-contact fatigue wear, and erosive wear.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003120
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-base alloys generally used for high-temperature applications. Superalloys are used in aircraft, industrial, marine gas turbines, nuclear reactors, spacecraft structures, petrochemical production, orthopedic and dental prostheses...
Abstract
Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-base alloys generally used for high-temperature applications. Superalloys are used in aircraft, industrial, marine gas turbines, nuclear reactors, spacecraft structures, petrochemical production, orthopedic and dental prostheses, and environmental protection applications. This article discusses the material characteristics, phases, structures, and systems of superalloys. It describes the processing of superalloys, including primary and secondary melting, deformation processing (conversion), powder processing, investment casting, and joining methods. The article also describes the properties, microstructure, and thermal exposure of superalloys. It further discusses the effects of environmental factors on superalloys, including oxidation and hot corrosion. Protective coatings are also discussed. The article provides information on the mechanical properties and chemical composition of nickel, iron, and cobalt-base superalloys in both the cast and wrought forms.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... in the 1930s to their preferred use over stainless steel for making removable partial denture frameworks in dentistry as low-cost alternatives to gold-base alloys ( Ref 2 ). This represented one of the earliest uses of a cobalt-chromium alloy as a biomaterial. The excellent corrosion resistance displayed...
Abstract
This article reviews the concepts considered important for an understanding of the processes used for preparing cobalt-chromium alloy implants, the microstructures resulting from this processing, and the resulting material properties. The review includes solidification of alloys, diffusionless (martensitic) phase transformation as occurs with face-centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed transformation in cobalt-chromium alloys, and stacking faults and twins and their role in this transformation. It also discusses the strengthening mechanisms that are responsible for the mechanical properties of cast and wrought cobalt alloys. The article contains tables that list the commonly used cobalt alloys and their biomedical applications and chemical compositions. It discusses the mechanical and corrosion properties of cobalt alloys, and provides a description of the microstructure of cobalt alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... processes wrought nickel alloys SUPERALLOYS are heat-resisting alloys based on nickel, nickel-iron, or cobalt that exhibit a combination of mechanical strength and resistance to surface degradation. Superalloys are primarily used in gas turbines, coal conversion plants, and chemical process industries...
Abstract
This article focuses on the properties of conventional wrought superalloys based on nickel, iron, and cobalt, as well as on the properties of alloys produced from powder. The powder metallurgy (P/M) category includes alloys that were originally developed as casting alloys; new alloy compositions developed specifically to benefit from powder processing; and oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (particularly those produced by mechanical alloying). The article discusses some of the applications of superalloys and emphazises the interplay between chemical composition, microstructure, consolidation method, mechanical properties and surface stability of wrought nickel alloys. Vacuum melting processes are a necessity for many nickel- and iron-nickel-base alloys because of the presence of aluminum and titanium as solutes. Cobalt-base alloys do not usually contain these elements and may be melted in air. An appendix to this article presents the property data and corresponding information on a family of cobalt-chromium-tungsten-carbon alloys that use P/M processing.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of magnetic and wear applications. These coatings are produced from sodium hypophosphite-based solutions at a slightly alkaline pH range at elevated temperatures. Table 4 lists property and application information for a hypophosphite-reduced cobalt-phosphorus coating. Electroless cobalt alloy plating...
Abstract
Metallic nonelectrolytic alloy coatings produced from aqueous solutions are commercially used in several industries, including electronics, aerospace, medical, oil and gas production, chemical processing, and automotive. Nonelectrolytic coating systems use two types of reactions to deposit metal onto a part: electroless and displacement. This article explains the various types of electroless and dispersion alloy coating systems. It provides information on the processing of parts, process control, deposit analysis, and equipment used for coating nonelectrolytic displacement alloys. The article concludes with a discussion on the safety and environmental concerns associated with nonelectrolytic deposition processes.
Book Chapter
Metal and Alloy Powders for Welding, Hardfacing, Brazing, and Soldering
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., the base metal to be hardfaced, and material cost. Other influential properties are impact strength, corrosion, oxidation, and thermal behavior. Figure 2 presents the ability of hardfacing powders made from different alloying compositions in resisting abrasion, impact, and heat ( Ref 3 ). Fig. 2...
Abstract
Metals and alloy powders are used in welding, hardfacing, brazing, and soldering applications, which include hardface coatings, the manufacturing of welding stick electrodes and flux-cored wires, and additives in brazing pastes or creams. This article reviews these applications and the specific powder properties and characteristics they require.
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