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Book Chapter
7072 Cladding and Fin Stock
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006736
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... Abstract This datasheet provides information on composition limits, ASTM product specifications, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and applications of cladding fin stock 7072. alloy composition aluminum alloy 7072 cladding fin stock mechanical properties...
Abstract
This datasheet provides information on composition limits, ASTM product specifications, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and applications of cladding fin stock 7072.
Book Chapter
Aluminum Wrought Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... Special products include corrugated, V-beam, and ribbed roofing and siding, duct sheet, fin stock, recording circles, and computer memory disks. Among standard products are the alclad composites, which consists of heat treated 2 xxx or 7 xxx alloys clad on either or both sides with an appropriate...
Abstract
This article discusses the classification, characteristics and temper designations of wrought aluminum alloys. Wrought aluminum products are available as flat-rolled products such as sheets, plates, and foils; rods, bars, and wires; tubular products such as tubes and pipes; extruded shapes; forgings; and impacts. The article provides information on product economics, design and selection, including product dimension and dimension tolerances, and design and use of wrought product capabilities. Finally, it tabulates the specifications and standards for aluminum mill products.
Book Chapter
Wrought Aluminum Processes and Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006518
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... corrugated, V-beam, ribbed roofing and siding, duct sheet, fin stock, and rigid container sheet for cans. Fig. 1 Polished aluminum tread sheet. Courtesy of Diamond Aluminum Among standard products are the Alclad composites, which consist of heat treated 2 xxx and 7 xxx alloys clad on either...
Abstract
This article introduces the basic characteristics, processes, and product forms associated with the five major categories of aluminum wrought products, namely, flat-rolled products (sheet, plate, and foil); rod, bar, and wire; tubular products; profiles; and forgings. It summarizes the various product forms in which commonly used wrought aluminum alloys are available. The article also provides design guidelines for aluminum extrusions and discusses various forming methods.
Book Chapter
3003 and Alclad 3003 General Engineering Alloy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006686
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... calomel electrode in an aqueous solution containing 53 g NaCl plus 3 g H 2 O 2 per liter −0.83 V for 3003 and core of Alclad 3003 −0.96 V for 7072 cladding Mechanical properties of alloy 3003 Table 3 Mechanical properties of alloy 3003 Directional characteristics, tensile strength...
Abstract
This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, fabrication characteristics, and applications of general engineering alloys 3003 and Alclad 3003.
Book Chapter
3 xxx Aluminum Alloy Datasheets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006689
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
...-heading wire and rods B316/B316M 3003 Rolled or cold finished bar, rod, and wire B211 3003 Seamless condenser and heat-exchanger tubes with integral fins B404/B404M 3003, 3003 alloy clad with 7072 alloy Seamless pipe and seamless extruded tube B241/B241M 3003, Alclad 3003 Seamless pipe...
Abstract
This article discusses the major characteristics of the 3xxx series aluminum alloys. It contains a table that lists product specifications of these 3xxx alloys.
Book Chapter
6 xxx Aluminum Alloy Datasheets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006708
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
..., 6181, 6262, 6262A, EN 1301 Drawn wire 6056, 6060, 6061, 6063, 6082 EN 485-1 Sheet, strip and plate 6016, 6025, 6056, 6061, 6082, EN 586-2:1994 Forgings 6082 (Al SiMgMn) EN 603-2:1996 Wrought forging stock 6082 (Al SiMgMn) EN 683 Fin stock 6063 EN 754 Cold drawn rod/bar...
Abstract
The 6xxx series aluminum alloys are used across end applications including all forms of transportation, electronics, and building and construction. This article contains tables that list standard specifications for 6xxx series aluminum alloys and select specialty mill products. The relationships among commonly used alloys in the 6xxx series are illustrated.
Book Chapter
Custom Sailing Yacht Design and Manufacture
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... in.), with the additional patching tending toward a quasi-isotropic laminate. The rudder stock, or main spar, is a rectangular section to allow a relatively narrow (10 to 12% chord) foil shape ( Fig. 7 ), with a buildup locally in the region of the bearing to approximately 300 mm (12 in.) diameter. The sides...
Abstract
This article focuses on the design process, materials, and manufacturing techniques for one-off and low-volume production sailing craft. These include racing yachts of typically 10-20 m length for short coastal events, 20-25 m ocean racers, 24 m America's Cup racing craft, multihull racers of 35 m or more, and large luxury cruising craft. The article discusses the tooling, laminating practice, curing, mold removal, and quality control, for manufacturing hulls, decks, masts, and appendages using composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... can be satisfactorily extruded. Another example of a difficult-to-accommodate manufacturing condition versus the selected material is a brazed extended heat-transfer surface featuring aluminum alloy brazing sheet fin stock bonded to aluminized stainless steel. The optimal conditions require bonding...
Abstract
Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between a solid particulate and a fluid at different temperatures. This article first addresses the causes of failures in heat exchangers. It then provides a description of heat-transfer surface area, discussing the design of the tubular heat exchanger. Next, the article discusses the processes involved in the examination of failed parts. Finally, it describes the most important types of corrosion, including uniform, galvanic, pitting, stress, and erosion corrosion.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...(s) Application(s) Wrought alloys 2011 5.0–6.0 Cu Screw machine parts 2017 3.5–4.5 Cu Mechanical fasteners 2117 2.2–3.0 Cu Mechanical fasteners 3003 1.0–1.5 Mn Braze-clad welded radiator tubes; heater cores; radiator, heater, and evaporator fins; heater inlet and outlet...
Abstract
Product design greatly influences the recycling and reuse of manufacturing materials. This article presents a design for recycling strategy based on ease of disassembly, minimizing process scrap, using readily recyclable materials, and labelling or otherwise identifying parts. It also discusses the concept of life-cycle analysis (LCA), a quantitative accounting of the environmental and economic costs of using a given material and the energy required to make, distribute, operate, and eventually dispose of the host product and its constituent materials. An important but often overlooked step in the LCA process is to identify potential improvement pathways.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... resulted in improved quality. Brazing of aluminum is generally limited to parts more than 0.4 mm (0.015 in.) thick, but dip brazing and fluxless vacuum, as well as control atmosphere brazing (CAB) under high purity nitrogen, for example) is used successfully on aluminum fin stock 0.1 mm (0.004...
Abstract
Brazing technology is continually advancing for a variety of metals including aluminum and its alloys and nonmetals. This article discusses the key physical phenomena in aluminum brazing and the materials for aluminum brazing, including base metals, filler metals, brazing sheet, and brazing flux. It describes various aluminum brazing methods, such as furnace, vacuum, dip, and torch brazing. Friction, flow, induction, resistance, and diffusion brazing are some alternate brazing methods discussed. The article reviews the brazing of aluminum to ferrous alloys, aluminum to copper, and aluminum to other nonferrous metals. It also discusses post-braze processes in terms of post-braze heat treatment and finishing. The article concludes with information on the safety precautions considered in brazing aluminum alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... are shown in Fig. 1 . Fig. 1 Comparison of brazing temperature ranges of aluminum alloy base metals and aluminum alloy brazing filler metals Non-clad forms of brazing alloys are usually shim or wire stock and are limited to AA4047. Some paste forms are also available from powdered alloy...
Abstract
Aluminum, a commonly used base material for brazing, can be easily fabricated by most manufacturing methods, such as machining, forming, and stamping. This article outlines non-heat-treatable wrought alloys typically used as base metals for the brazing process. It highlights chloride-active and fluoride-active types of fluxes that are used for torch, furnace, or dip brazing processes. The article explains the steps to be performed, including the designing of joints, preblaze cleaning, assembling, brazing techniques (dip brazing, furnace and torch brazing, fluxless vacuum brazing), flux removal techniques, and postbraze heat treatment processes. It concludes with information on the safety precautions to be followed during the brazing process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001389
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... parts, typically of a highly conductive metal (for example, copper), using opposed carbon block electrodes attached to water-cooled copper alloy electrode holders. (c) For joining flanged fins to a tube, using circular clamping electrodes Resistance brazing is used for many applications involving...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of resistance brazing (RB) used for many applications involving small workpieces, for small joints that are part of very large equipment, or for low-volume production runs. It lists the advantages and limitations of RB and outlines the factors that contribute to high quality in an RB joint. The article discusses the classification of RB such as manual RB or automatic RB. It describes the selection of metal electrodes and filler metals for RB. The filler metals include silver alloys, aluminum-silicon alloys, and copper-phosphorus alloys.
Book Chapter
A History of Wrought Aluminum Alloys and Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006516
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
..., fin stock, cookware, and cable wrap are typical applications. Electrical Conductor Alloys Alloy 1350 Any impurities or alloy additions to aluminum reduce the electrical conductivity of pure aluminum. Thus, initial alloy development was based on improving conductivity for use as electrical...
Abstract
The development of aluminum alloys has progressed along two tracks: heat treatable and non-heat treatable. The Aluminum Association alloy composition limits and product temper are defined for major alloying elements. This article summarizes the historical evolution of the different series of wrought aluminum alloys (1xxx to 8xxx) and discusses their applications based on the alloying system introduced by the Aluminum Association.
Book Chapter
Forging Machinery, Dies, and Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., and no energy is lost to foundations. In fact the large inertia blocks and foundations of conventional power-drop hammers are not required. A horizontal counterblow hammer has two opposing, die-carrying rams that are moved horizontally by compressed air. Heated stock is positioned automatically at each die...
Abstract
Forging machines use a wide variety of hammers, presses, and dies to produce products with the desired shape, size, and geometry. This article discusses the major types of hammers (gravity-drop, power-drop, high speed, and open-die forging), and presses (mechanical, hydraulic, screw-type, and multiple-ram). It further discusses the technologies used in the design of dies, terminology, and materials selection for dies for the most common hot-forging processes, particularly those using vertical presses, hammers, and horizontal forging machines. A brief section is included on computer-aided design in the forging industry. Additionally, the article reviews specific characteristics, process limitations, advantages, and disadvantages of the most common forging processes, namely hot upset forging, roll forging, radial forging, rotary forging, isothermal and hot-die forging, precision forging, and cold forging.
Book Chapter
Glossary of Terms: Modeling for Metals Processing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005454
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... or a of stock from which a forging is made. appreciable plastic deformation. whole blank, usually without materially blanking. The operation of punching, cutting, changing the thickness of the metal. or shearing a piece out of stock to a brittleness. A tendency to fracture without predetermined shape...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of definition of the terms related to modeling for metals processing.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... pure aluminum highly resistant to chemical attack and weathering. Low cost, ductile for deep drawing, and easy to weld. Used for high-purity applications such as chemical processing equipment. Also for nameplates, fan blades, flue lining, sheet metal work, spun holloware, and fin stock 1350...
Abstract
Aluminum and its alloys are used in a broad range of applications. This article discusses the primary and secondary production of aluminum and the classification system for cast and wrought products. It describes some of the more common manufactured forms, including commercial wrought aluminum products, aluminum alloy engineered castings, powder metallurgy parts, and metal-matrix composites. The article also reviews fabrication characteristics such as machining, forming, forging, and joining. It concludes with a description of the major industrial applications of wrought and cast aluminum alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... factors plus the yield strength of the material. Extended-surface (finned) tubing is sometimes used to provide the proper thermal conductance for effective transfer of heat from gas to liquid or from liquid to liquid. Fins on much of the tubing used in air coolers and hydrogen coolers are applied...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of tubing of heat exchangers with respect to general corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, selective leaching, and oxygen-cell attack, with examples. It illustrates the examination of failed parts of heat exchangers by using sample selection, visual examination, microscopic examination, chemical analysis, and mechanical tests. The article explains corrosion fatigue of tubing of heat exchangers caused by aggressive environment and cyclic stress. It also discusses the effects of design, welding practices, and elevated temperatures on the failures of heat exchangers.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., the manufacturing method, manufacturing constraints, product material and size, and cost, among others. Refer to other sections of this Volume for in-depth discussions of NDT methods. Reasons to use NDT methods include: Detection and evaluation of flaws Measurement of dimensions Sorting mixed stock...
Abstract
This article provides information on the application of nondestructive examination (NDE) technologies to tube and pipe products. These include modeling and simulation methods, eddy-current methods, magnetic methods, acoustic methods, and physical methods. A summary of nondestructive examination methods based on flaw type and product stage is presented in a table. The article also discusses in-service inspection of tubular products and presents an example that illustrates the importance of nondestructive testing (NDT) for welds in austenitic stainless steel tubing.
Book Chapter
Precious Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... industry in the United States, set by the Federal Trade Commission, require that any article labeled gold contain at least 10 k gold, with a tolerance of 1 2 k. In gold cladding (gold adhered to base metal stock), the ratio of the weight of the material is indicated, together with the karat...
Abstract
Precious metals are of inestimable value to modern civilization. This article discusses the resources and consumption, trade practices, and special properties of precious metals and its alloys, including ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold, and tabulates the industrial applications of precious metals. It provides information on the commercial forms (wire, rod, sheet, strip, ribbon, and foil) and uses of precious metals, including semifinished products, precious metal powders, industrial uses, coatings, and jewelry.
Book Chapter
Selection and Weldability of Non-Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001418
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... strength in design considerations (for example, alloy 1100 is used for sheet metal work, fin stock and chemical equipment). Alloys with purity levels greater than 99.5% are used for electrical conductors (for example, alloy 1350). 3<italic>xxx</italic> Alloys The 3 xxx -series alloys are used...
Abstract
Non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys constitute a group of alloys that rely solely upon cold work and solid solution strengthening for their strength properties. This article focuses on the weldability and weld properties of different classes on non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys.
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