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chromium manganese steel (low alloy chromium steel, general)
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Book Chapter
Hardfacing Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003162
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... welding deposit process Austenitic (Manganese) Steels Austenitic (manganese) steels are modeled after Hadfield steels. Most commercially available alloys in this category can be broadly subdivided into low-chromium and high-chromium alloys. Low-chromium alloys usually contain up to 4% Cr...
Abstract
Hardfacing is defined as the application of a wear-resistant material, in depth, to the vulnerable surfaces of a component by a weld overlay or thermal spray process Hardfacing materials include a wide variety of alloys, carbides, and combinations of these materials. Iron-base hardfacing alloys can be divided into pearlitic steels, austenitic (manganese) steels, martensitic steels, high-alloy irons, and austenitic stainless steel. The types of nonferrous hardfacing alloys include cobalt-base/carbide-type alloys, laves phase alloys, nickel-base/boride-type alloys, and bronze type alloys. Hardfacing applications for wear control vary widely, ranging from very severe abrasive wear service, such as rock crushing and pulverizing to applications to minimize metal-to-metal wear. This article discusses the types of hardfacing alloys, namely iron-base alloys, nonferrous alloys, and tungsten carbides, and their applications and advantages.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... element are considered low-alloy cast steel: Element Amount, % Manganese 1.00 Silicon 0.80 Nickel 0.50 Copper 0.50 Chromium 0.25 Molybdenum 0.10 Vanadium 0.05 Tungsten 0.05 Aluminum, titanium, and zirconium are used for the deoxidation of low-alloy steels...
Abstract
Steel castings can be made from any of the many types of carbon and alloy steel produced in wrought form. They are divided into four general groups according to composition. Carbon and low-alloy steel castings can meet a wide range of application requirements because composition and heat treatment can be selected to achieve specific combinations of properties, including hardness, strength, ductility, fatigue, and toughness. This article discusses physical, mechanical, and engineering properties as well as fatigue properties and the effects of section size and heat treatment. Highly stressed steel castings for aircraft and for high-pressure or high-temperature service must pass rigid nondestructive inspection.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Amount, % Manganese 1.00 Silicon 0.80 Nickel 0.50 Copper 0.50 Chromium 0.25 Molybdenum 0.10 Vanadium 0.05 Tungsten 0.05 The compositions of low-alloy cast steels are characterized by carbon contents primarily under 0.45% and by small amounts of alloying...
Abstract
This article discusses the mechanical properties of carbon steels, low-alloy steels, wear-resistant steels, corrosion-resistant steels, heat-resistant steels, and common alloys at both room and elevated temperature. It also provides information on the corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant applications of the common alloys.
Book Chapter
Introduction to the Selection of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... steels. The article describes six general classes of the metal: low-carbon steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, quenched-and-tempered steels, heat-treatable low-alloy steels, thermal-mechanical-controlled processing steels, and chromium-molybdenum steels. It concludes with an illustration of steels...
Abstract
This article presents in-depth metallurgical information about the response of carbon and low-alloy steels to welding conditions and micro-structural evolution in the weld heat-affected zone. It discusses the fabrication weldability and service weldability of carbon and low-alloy steels. The article describes six general classes of the metal: low-carbon steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, quenched-and-tempered steels, heat-treatable low-alloy steels, thermal-mechanical-controlled processing steels, and chromium-molybdenum steels. It concludes with an illustration of steels' susceptibility to hydrogen-assisted cold cracking relative to carbon content and carbon equivalent.
Book Chapter
Heat Treating of Low-Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005954
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... steels, low-alloy chromium-molybdenum steels, low-alloy nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels, low-alloy nickel-molybdenum steels, low-alloy chromium steels, low-alloy chromium-vanadium steels, and low-alloy silicon-manganese steels. The article reviews heat treating parameters and processing considerations...
Abstract
This article summarizes some of the effects of the major alloying elements in low-alloy steels and the heat treating for some common types of low-alloy steels. Coverage includes common alloys of the following low-alloy steel types: low-alloy manganese steels, low-alloy molybdenum steels, low-alloy chromium-molybdenum steels, low-alloy nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels, low-alloy nickel-molybdenum steels, low-alloy chromium steels, low-alloy chromium-vanadium steels, and low-alloy silicon-manganese steels. The article reviews heat treating parameters and processing considerations for each category of steel, including spherodizing, normalizing, annealing, hardening, and tempering.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005327
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... irons range in hardness from 450 to 800 HB. In addition, several grades contain alloy eutectic carbides (M 7 C 3 chromium carbides), which are substantially harder than the M 3 C iron carbides in low-alloyed irons. For many applications, the increased abrasion resistance of the more expensive high...
Abstract
This article presents a discussion on the melting, pouring, and shakeout practices; composition control; molds, patterns, and casting design; heat treatment; and applications of different classes of nickel-chromium white irons and high-chromium white irons.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003174
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... graphite Damp refractories, mold materials, and additions Lead ≤0.005 Results in Widmanstätten and “spiky” graphite, especially in heavy sections with high hydrogen. Can reduce tensile strength 50% at low levels (≥0.0004%). Promotes pearlite Some vitreous enamels, paints, free-cutting steels...
Abstract
Cast iron, which usually refers to an in situ composite of stable eutectic graphite in a steel matrix, includes the major classifications of gray iron, ductile iron, compacted graphite iron, malleable iron, and white iron. This article discusses melting, pouring, desulfurization, inoculation, alloying, and melt treatment of these major ferrous alloys as well as carbon and alloy steels. It explains the principles of solidification by describing the iron-carbon phase diagram, and provides a pictorial presentation of the basic microstructures and processing steps for cast irons.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... elements in low-melting-point master alloys ( Table 7 ). Manganese-containing steels, in combination with prealloyed molybdenum, were found to have mechanical properties similar to common diffusion alloys ( Ref 13 ). Chemical composition of master alloys for alloying powder steels with manganese...
Abstract
This article provides information on the most frequently used atmospheres in commercial sintering of powder metallurgy iron and steel materials. These include endothermic, exothermic, dissociated ammonia, pure hydrogen, and nitrogen-base atmospheres. The article discusses sintering of iron and iron-graphite powder, iron-copper and iron-copper graphite, and alloy steels. The effects of various sinter conditions on the amount of combined carbon formed in the steel are also discussed. The article concludes with information on high-temperature sintering and sinter hardening.
Book Chapter
Austenitic Manganese Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... 4 gives some typical chemical compositions of high-manganese austenitic steels. For low magnetic permeability, these alloys have a lower carbon content than the regular Hadfield steels. The corresponding loss in yield strength is compensated for by alloying with vanadium, nitrogen, chromium...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, processing, and properties of austenitic manganese steel. Austenitic manganese steel is used in equipment for handling and processing earthen materials, such as rock crushers, grinding mills, dredge buckets, power shovel buckets and teeth, and pumps for handling gravel and rocks. The mechanical properties of austenitic manganese steel vary with both carbon and manganese content. Austenitic manganese steels are most commonly produced in electric arc furnaces using a basic melting practice. Heat treatment strengthens austenitic manganese steel so that it can be used safely and reliably in a wide variety of engineering applications. The approximate ranges of tensile properties produced in constructional alloy steels by heat treatment are developed in austenitic manganese steels by deformation-induced work hardening. Compared to most other abrasion-resistant ferrous alloys, manganese steels are superior in toughness and moderate in cost. Manganese steel is not corrosion resistant; it rusts readily. Many of the common applications of austenitic manganese steel involve welding, either for fabrication or for repair.
Book Chapter
Selection of Nickel, Nickel-Copper, Nickel-Chromium, and Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001428
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... only about 5% Fe; hot cracking may result at higher levels. Low-carbon nickel-copper alloys with less than 0.10% C can tolerate up to about 30 wt% Fe. In nickel-chromium alloys, carbon combines with chromium to form chromium carbides, unless titanium or columbium are present to form...
Abstract
This article discusses the general welding characteristics and metallurgical welding considerations that play an important function during the welding of nickel, nickel-copper, nickel-chromium, and nickel-chromium-iron alloys.
Book Chapter
Hardfacing, Weld Cladding, and Dissimilar Metal Joining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001442
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... steels as well as carbon and low-alloy steels. In addition, the as-deposited hardness of high-chromium steels is higher (∼24 HRC) than that of low-chromium steels (∼18 HRC). The high strength of the austenitic manganese steels is the result of a synergism between manganese and carbon ( Ref 3...
Abstract
Hardfacing is a form of surfacing that is applied for the purpose of reducing wear, abrasion, impact, erosion, galling, or cavitation. This article describes the deposition of hardfacing alloys by oxyfuel welding, various arc welding methods, laser welding, and thermal spray processes. It discusses the categories of hardfacing alloy, such as build-up alloys, metal-to-metal wear alloys, metal-to-earth abrasion alloys, tungsten carbides, and nonferrous alloys. A summary of the selection guide for hardfacing alloys is presented in a table. The article describes the procedures for stainless steel weld cladding and the factors influencing joint integrity in dissimilar metal joining. It concludes with a discussion on joining carbon and low-alloy steels to various dissimilar materials (both ferrous and nonferrous) by arc welding.
Book Chapter
Metal and Alloy Powders for Welding, Hardfacing, Brazing, and Soldering
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... are modeled after Hadfield steels. Most commercially available alloys in this category can be broadly subdivided into low-chromium and high-chromium alloys. Low-chromium alloys usually contain up to 4% Cr, 12 to 15% Mn, and some nickel or molybdenum. Low-chromium austenitic steels generally are used...
Abstract
Metals and alloy powders are used in welding, hardfacing, brazing, and soldering applications, which include hardface coatings, the manufacturing of welding stick electrodes and flux-cored wires, and additives in brazing pastes or creams. This article reviews these applications and the specific powder properties and characteristics they require.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Wrought Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... entrapment. The design should not place welds in critical flow areas. When attaching such devices as low-alloy steel supports and ladders on the outside of a stainless steel tank, a stainless steel intermediate pad should be used. In general, stainless steels with higher alloy content than type 316 should...
Abstract
Selection of appropriate grades of steel will enable the steel to perform for very long times with minimal corrosion, but an inadequate grade can corrode and perforate more rapidly than a plain carbon steel will fail by uniform corrosion. This article describes the effect of chemical composition, heat treatment, welding, and surface condition on corrosion resistance of stainless steels. It discusses the various forms of corrosion and the important factors to be considered when selecting suitable stainless steel for application in specific corrosive environments.
Book Chapter
Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... strengthening and/or grain refinement. The effects of alloy elements on transformation hardening and weldability are, of course, additional factors. The three general types of creep-resistant low-alloy steels are chromium-molybdenum steels, chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steels, and modified chromium...
Abstract
This article discusses some elevated-temperature properties of carbon steels and low-alloy steels with ferrite-pearlite and ferrite-bainite microstructures for use in boiler tubes, pressure vessels, and steam turbines. The selection of steels to be used at elevated temperatures generally involves compromise between the higher efficiencies obtained at higher operating temperatures and the cost of equipment, including materials, fabrication, replacement, and downtime costs. The article considers the low-alloy steels which are the creep-resistant steels with 0.5 to 1.0% Mo combined with 0.5 to 9.0% Cr and perhaps other carbide formers. The factors affecting mechanical properties of steels include the nature of strengthening mechanisms, the microstructure, the heat treatment, and the alloy composition. The article describes these factors, with particular emphasis on chromium-molybdenum steels used for elevated-temperature service. Although the mechanical properties establish the allowable design-stress levels, corrosion effects at elevated temperatures often set the maximum allowable service temperature of an alloy. The article also discusses the effects of alloying elements in annealed, normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001040
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... fracture is called the transition region. Fig. 3 Charpy curve of impact energy versus test temperature for a nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel Figure 4(a) shows an example of the fracture surface of a broken Charpy specimen from a low-alloy steel tested at the upper-shelf region...
Abstract
Notch toughness is an indication of the capacity of a steel to absorb energy when a stress concentrator or notch is present. The notch toughness of a steel product is the result of a number of interactive effects, including composition, deoxidation and steelmaking practices, solidification, and rolling practices, as well as the resulting microstructure. All carbon and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition as the temperature is lowered. The composition of a steel, as well as its microstructure and processing history, significantly affects both the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature range and the energy absorbed during fracture at any particular temperature.. Th article focuses on various aspects of notch toughness including the effects of composition and microstructure, general influence of manufacturing practices and the interactive effects that simultaneously influence notch toughness. With the exception of working direction, most of the same chemical, microstructural, and manufacturing factors that influence the notch toughness of wrought steels also apply to cast steels. The Charpy V-notch test is used worldwide to indicate the ductile-to-brittle transition of a steel. While Charpy results cannot be directly applied to structural design requirements, a number of correlations have been made between Charpy results and fracture toughness.
Book Chapter
Wear Resistance of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006392
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
...; point 22C represents a quenched sample tempered at 205 °C (400 °F), a relatively low tempering temperature. Steels in the lower band of Fig. 11 combine toughness with wear resistance; these are mainly the austenitic manganese steels. Figure 11 indicates that for most ferrous alloys there is a trade...
Abstract
This article discusses the classification of wear based on the presence or absence of effective lubricants, namely, lubricated and nonlubricated wear. Variations in ambient temperature, atmosphere, load, and sliding speed, as well as variations in material bulk composition, microstructure, surface treatment, and surface finish of steel are also considered. The article discusses the types, wear testing, wear evaluation, and hardness evaluation of abrasive wear. It describes the selection criteria of steels for wear resistance. The article also describes the importance of hardness and microstructure as factors in resistance to wear. It provides a discussion on the resistance of various materials to wear in specific applications. The wear resistance of austenitic manganese steels is also discussed. The article discusses the applications of phosphate coatings, wear-resistant coatings, and ion implantation. It concludes with information on interaction of wear and corrosion.
Book Chapter
Castability, Product Design, and Production of High-Alloy Iron Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006332
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... sensitivity is not as high as the low-alloy gray and ductile irons. In many cases, an alloy may be designed to enhance certain properties, such as strength and/or wear resistance, through moderate alloying with chromium and/or molybdenum, which may result in carbide formation in the grain-boundary areas...
Abstract
Castability of alloys is a measure of their ability to be cast to a given shape with a given process without the formation of cracks/tears, pores/shrinkage, and/or other significant casting defects. This article discusses the factors which affect the fluidity of an iron melt: alloy composition and initial melt condition. Besides the basic alloy properties, the effective castability of high-alloy irons can be significantly improved through casting and casting system design. The article describes the product design and processing factors of high-alloy graphitic irons and high-alloy white irons. It explains the heat treatment of high-silicon irons for high-temperature service and concludes with a discussion on machining and finishing of high-alloy iron castings.
Book Chapter
Selecting Steels for Case Hardening
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005951
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... carburizing steels for bearings (see also the article “Heat Treatment of Bearings” in this Volume). Other popular grades that are widely used for general case carburizing applications include: 20CrMn chromium steel (5115/5117/5120) 20CrMo chromium-molybdenum steel (4118/4120/4121) Low-carbon...
Abstract
Case hardening involves various methods and each method has unique characteristics and different considerations in the selection of steels This article reviews the various grades of carburizing steels, carbonitriding steels, nitriding steels, and steels for induction, or flame hardening. This review is based on their process characteristics, compositions, applications, and mechanical properties, which help in selecting steels for case hardening.
Book Chapter
Calculation of Hardenability in High-Carbon Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005801
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
...- and medium-carbon steels is described in the preceding article “Hardenability Calculation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels with Low or Medium Carbon” in this Volume. The system uses the following empirical equation from Grossmann ( Ref 6 ) to predict hardenability from composition: (Eq 1) D 1...
Abstract
Hardenability of steel depends on carbon content and other alloying elements as well as on the grain size of the austenite phase. This article provides information on the calculation of high-carbon (carburized) steel hardenability. It contains tables that list multiplying factors that are used for the calculation of case hardenability of carburizing steels and the hardenability of high-carbon steels hardened after a prior normalize or quench treatment. The article reviews the derivation and limitations of multiplying factors.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... a minimum chromium content of approximately 10.5% is necessary for an iron-base alloy to form this passive film, stainless steels are defined as alloys of iron containing at least this amount of chromium. While the more common ferrous alloys (namely carbon and low-alloy steels) as well as the commercial...
Abstract
Stainless steels are primarily alloys of iron and chromium. They are grouped into five families, primarily based on their microstructure: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening. Three out of the five families of stainless steels, namely, austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic, are well suited for manufacture via conventional powder metallurgy (PM) processes. This article presents the iron-chromium partial phase diagram to illustrate the changes in the temperature range when pure iron is alloyed with chromium. It describes AISI and UNS numbering systems, which are used as an identification system for stainless steels. The article tabulates the material designations of stainless steels in accordance with the Metal Powder Industries Federation. It also details the characteristics and chemical composition of wrought and PM stainless steels.
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