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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... It provides information on the fuels with chlorine contents used in gasification plants. gasification plants high-temperature corrosion material selection criteria chlorine content synthetic gas coolers long-term performance INTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT of gasification technology has been carried out...
Abstract
This article focuses on high-temperature corrosion in synthetic gas (syngas) coolers. Extensive laboratory corrosion studies on both model and commercial alloys are summarized. The article describes the material selection criteria for long-term performance of materials in service. It provides information on the fuels with chlorine contents used in gasification plants.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0004050
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... chromium content are very prone to these types of attack. To improve the corrosion resistance of alumina-forming alloys against type I hot corrosion, 15 to 25% Cr is recommended; for type II hot corrosion, approximately 25 to 40% Cr is recommended ( Ref 11 ). The rates of mixed oxidation and chlorination...
Abstract
This article describes the specific features and mechanisms of oxidation in thermal spray coatings. It discusses the two forms of hot corrosion in sulfur-containing combustion, namely high-temperature hot corrosion and low-temperature hot corrosion. The article reviews the behavior of corrosion-resistant coatings in boilers. The effects of high-temperature corrosion in waste incinerators are detailed. The article also examines the effects of erosion-corrosion in fluidized bed combustion boilers.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... similar to that found in municipal solid waste boilers. A direct correlation of corrosion rate with the coal chlorine content has been reported by researchers in the United Kingdom, where the chlorine concentration available in coal has increased steadily from 0.35 to 0.65% over the last two decades ( Ref...
Abstract
The presence of certain impurities in coal and oil is responsible for the majority of fireside corrosion experienced in utility boilers. In coal, the primary impurities are sulfur, alkali metals, and chlorine. The most detrimental impurities in fuel oil are vanadium, sodium, sulfur, and chlorine. This article describes the two categories of fireside corrosion based on location in the furnace: waterwall corrosion in the lower furnace and fuel ash corrosion of superheaters and reheaters in the upper furnace. It discusses prevention methods, including changes to operating parameters and application of protective cladding or coatings.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001278
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... by the chlorinated polypropylene. Other polymers have been reported to provide good adhesion to TPO, but they apparently have not found widespread use ( Ref 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ). The chemistry and properties of chlorinated polypropylene have been described by Fujimoto ( Ref 41 ). Chlorine content...
Abstract
This article describes elastomeric coatings that are suitable for painting flexible plastic substrates. It focuses on coatings systems that find utility in automotive exterior applications, where the requirements of appearance and durability are most severe. The article discusses acrylic polyols, condensation polymers, vapor curing systems, water-based coatings, and coatings for thermoplastic olefins.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... powders. In these compacts the chlorine content could be in the range of 500 to 1500 ppm. Such high chloride content could result in chlorine-associated voids and might preclude the attainment of 100% densification. In contrast, the extrusion billets used in generating the data for Table 5 were...
Abstract
This article focuses on mechanical testing characterization of blended elemental powder metallurgy (PM) titanium alloys and prealloyed PM titanium alloys. It examines the tensile properties, fracture toughness, stress-corrosion threshold resistance, fatigue strength, crack propagation properties, and processing-microstructure-property relationships of these alloys. The article also reviews five considerations for powder process selection.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 36 Water content necessary to maintain passivity of unalloyed titanium in static chlorine gas atmospheres. Source: Ref 138
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 35 Effect of temperature and gas flow on the critical water content required to passivate titanium in pure chlorine gas. Source: Ref 137
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... with silicon contents in the 10 to 15% range, however, reportedly resisted attack by dry chlorine ( Ref 10 , 11 ), but their poor impact properties limit practical applications in such critical service. Below 250 °C (480 °F), the presence of oxygen and moisture had little effect on iron chlorination rates...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
.... Of major concern has been the cyanide content from the processes and processed parts cleaning fluids. Although much was done in the area of waste treatment and waste disposal, in many instances these added costs caused the cyanide-bearing processes to no longer be economically viable. There was a switch...
Abstract
This article describes the uses of the liquid carburizing process carried out in low and high temperature cyanide-containing baths, and details the noncyanide liquid carburizing process which can be accomplished in a bath containing a special grade of carbon. It presents a simple formula for estimating total case depth, and illustrates the influence of carburizing temperature, duration of carburizing, quenching temperature, and quenching medium with the aid of typical hardness gradients. The article provides information on controlling of cyaniding time and temperature, bath composition, and case depth, and presents examples that relate dimensional change to several shapes that vary in complexity. It also provides information on the quenchant removal and salt removal processes, lists the applications of liquid carburizing in cyanide baths, and discusses the process and importance of cyanide waste disposal in detail.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003695
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
...) rubber was initially compounded in 1939 as neoprene ( Ref 7 ). Chloroprene rubber is a polar rubber because it contains a ratio of carbon atoms to chlorine atoms of 4 to 1. Chlorine content also imparts better flame resistance, weatherability, and ozone resistance than experienced with diene rubbers...
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005708
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... potassium and chlorine contents in many biomasses are potentially harmful ( Ref 11 ). In oxidizing environments, gaseous chlorine accelerates oxidation by the mechanism of active oxidation ( Ref 12 ). The most severe corrosion problems in biomass-fired systems are observed due to chlorine-rich low-melting...
Abstract
The use of renewable energy has grown strongly in all end-use sectors such as power, heat, and transport. This article describes thermal spray applications that improve efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and prolong operational life in the renewable energy technologies, including wind power, hydro power, biomass and biofuels, solar energy, and fuel cells.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the methods of degassing aluminum, magnesium, and copper alloys. It provides information on the sources of hydrogen in aluminum and gases in copper. castings aluminum copper alloys degassing gas porosity hydrogen content gas content magnesium reliability GAS POROSITY is a major factor...
Abstract
Gas porosity is a major factor in the quality and reliability of castings. The major cause of gas porosity in castings is the evolution of dissolved gases from melting and dross or slag containing gas porosity. Degassing is the process of removing these gases. This article describes the methods of degassing aluminum, magnesium, and copper alloys. It provides information on the sources of hydrogen in aluminum and gases in copper.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... problems associated with the metal plasma etch process. Dry etching in a chlorine-containing plasma is a potentially important technique for patterning aluminum alloy lines for very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits. However, aluminum alloy lines formed by dry etching are prone to corrode upon...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed examination of corrosion at the various production stages of wafer fabrication. The corrosion issues related to batch metal-etch systems and single-wafer metal-etch systems are also discussed. The article provides a case study, which illustrates that the factors outside the normal processing of wafers or tool-specific problems can contribute to metal-line corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... for high-speed operations. In the following example, high chlorine content and high viscosity were needed to produce acceptable parts (see also example 15, in which a low-viscosity chlorine-base lubricant replaced a viscous mineral oil). Example 7: Increase in Chlorine Content and Viscosity of Lubricant...
Abstract
This article discusses the selection of types of stainless steel for various methods of forming based on the formability and on the power required for forming. It reviews the requirements of lubrication, blanking, and piercing. The article describes various forming methods, namely, press-brake forming, press forming, multiple-slide forming, deep drawing, spinning, rubber-pad forming, drop hammer forming¸ three-roll forming, contour roll forming, stretch forming, and bending of tubing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004190
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... examines the corrosion problems in high-yield mechanical pulping, sulfite process, neutral sulfite semichemical pulping, chemical recovery, tall oil plants, wastewater treatment, and recovery boilers. It explains the stages of chlorine-based and nonchlorine bleaching, process water reuse for elemental...
Abstract
This article discusses the methods of pulp production, pulp processing, pulp bleaching, and paper manufacturing. It describes various types of digesters, their construction materials, the corrosion problems encountered, and methods to protect these digesters from corrosion. The article examines the corrosion problems in high-yield mechanical pulping, sulfite process, neutral sulfite semichemical pulping, chemical recovery, tall oil plants, wastewater treatment, and recovery boilers. It explains the stages of chlorine-based and nonchlorine bleaching, process water reuse for elemental chlorine-free and nonchlorine bleaching stages, selection of material for bleaching equipment, developments in oxygen bleaching, and the use of highly corrosion-resistant materials for bleach plant equipment. The article reviews the materials used in the construction of paper machine components and specific corrosion problems that affect them. It discusses the composition and corrosive nature of white water. The article also addresses the corrosion and chemical recovery associated with kraft pulping liquors.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... (EEW) Epoxy resins are chemically reacted to determine the epoxide content per unit weight of resin by wet chemical titration. Epoxide content is a measure of potential crosslink density. Hydrolyzable Chloride Epoxy resins are frequently made from chlorinated compounds. Any residual...
Abstract
This article focuses on epoxy because this resin category has widespread use and because it is tested using quality control measures typical of most resin systems. It explains that a typical resin system will consist of one or more epoxy resins, a curing agent, and a catalyst to control the rate of reaction. The article describes the component material tests, mixed resin system tests, and prepreg tests for the resin system. These tests include high-performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The article contains a table that lists typical resin and prepreg property tests.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... (d) The quantitation limit is greater than the calculated regulatory level and therefore becomes the regulatory level. Source: Ref 2 Another factor in determining whether the spent fluid is hazardous is chlorine content. According to the federal regulations, if the waste contains over 1000...
Abstract
Grinding is an extremely complex process that requires the consideration of a number of elements in order to make a reasonably adroit initial selection of a fluid or fluids for a manufacturing plant. In addition, the disposal of grinding wastes must meet the minimum requirements as recommended by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. This article explains the selection considerations of such fluids, as well as the applications and environmental issues related to the grinding processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003581
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... content of the magnesium chloride melt, magnesium or sodium content, and oxygen content of the product. It concludes with a discussion on the oxygen activity in the titanium metal product. chloride corrosion indicator electrode magnesium magnesium chloride molecular solvent molten salt molten...
Abstract
Molten salts, in contrast to aqueous solutions in which an electrolyte (acid, base, salt) is dissolved in a molecular solvent, are essentially completely ionic. This article begins with an overview of the thermodynamics of cells and classification of electrodes for molten salts: reference electrodes and indicator electrodes. It explains that corrosion in molten salts can be caused by the solubility of the metal in the salt, particularly if the metal dissolves in its own chloride. The article describes the factors that affect the corrosion of titanium, namely, the titanium chloride content of the magnesium chloride melt, magnesium or sodium content, and oxygen content of the product. It concludes with a discussion on the oxygen activity in the titanium metal product.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract Hydrochloric acid (HCl) may contain traces of impurities that will change the aggressiveness of the solution. This article discusses the effects of impurities such as fluorides, ferric salts, cupric salts, chlorine, and organic solvents, in HCl. It describes the corrosion resistance...
Abstract
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) may contain traces of impurities that will change the aggressiveness of the solution. This article discusses the effects of impurities such as fluorides, ferric salts, cupric salts, chlorine, and organic solvents, in HCl. It describes the corrosion resistance of various metals and alloys in HCl, including carbon and alloy steels, austenitic stainless steels, standard ferritic stainless steels, nickel and nickel alloys, copper and copper alloys, corrosion-resistant cast iron, zirconium, titanium and titanium alloys, tantalum and its alloys, and noble metals. The article illustrates the effect of HCl on nonmetallic materials such as natural rubber, neoprene, thermoplastics, and reinforced thermoset plastics. It also tabulates the corrosion of various metals in dry hydrogen chloride.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... variety of services. The corrosion resistance of FRP is a function of both the resin content and the specific resin used in the laminate. Chloro-Alkali Plants The production of chlorine results in severe corrosion problems. Quantities of chlorine in the effluent gas are normally scrubbed using...
Abstract
Corrosion problems and materials selection for emissions control equipment can be difficult because of varied corrosive compounds present and the severe environments encountered. This article discusses the selection of materials for construction of flue gas desulfurization systems. It addresses the problems associated with materials for incinerator off-gas treatment equipment. The off-gases can be classified according to their corrosiveness as: industrial chemical, hospital, municipal solid, and sewage sludge. The article provides information on the selection of materials for the three most common types of dust collection equipment used in bulk solids processing, namely, fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, and wet scrubbers. It also discusses a wide variety of corrosion problems encountered in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.