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Book Chapter
Cl (Chlorine) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase. binary phase diagrams chlorine binary system crystallographic data phase data THIS ARTICLE includes systems where chlorine is the first-named...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which chlorine (Cl) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
Book Chapter
Na (Sodium) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006186
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase. binary phase diagrams crystallographic data phase data sodium binary system THIS ARTICLE includes systems where sodium is the first-named element...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which sodium (Na) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
Book Chapter
Cs (Cesium) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006158
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... in the binary pair. Additional binary systems that include cesium are provided in the following locations in this Volume: “Bi-Cs (Bismuth - Cesium)” in the article “ Bi (Bismuth) Binary Phase Diagrams .” “Cl-Cs (Chlorine - Cesium)” in the article “ Cl (Chlorine) Binary Phase Diagrams .” Cs-Ge...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which cesium (Cs) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
Book Chapter
Hg (Mercury) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase. binary phase diagrams crystallographic data mercury binary system phase data THIS ARTICLE includes systems where mercury is the first-named element...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which mercury (Hg) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
Book Chapter
In (Indium) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase. binary phase diagrams crystallographic data indium binary system phase data THIS ARTICLE includes systems where indium is the first-named element...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which indium (In) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
Book Chapter
Ga (Gallium) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase. binary phase diagrams crystallographic data gallium binary system phase data THIS ARTICLE includes systems where gallium is the first-named element...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which gallium (Ga) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Supercritical Water—Waste Destruction Environments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004132
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and corrosion resistance for nickel alloys in SCWO systems ( Ref 37 ), and certainly, the high-chromium alloys such as G30 (≈30% Cr) generally exhibit reasonable corrosion resistance ( Ref 5 , 21 , 38 ). In the case of binary nickel-chromium alloys exposed to oxidizing chlorinated supercritical conditions...
Abstract
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is an effective process for the destruction of military and industrial wastes including wastewater sludge. This article discusses the unique properties of supercritical water and lists the main technological advantages of SCWO. For many waste streams, corrosion continues to be one of the central challenges to the full development of the SCWO technology. The article presents a summary of selected materials exposed to various environments as well as the observed form of corrosion in a table. It also illustrates the necessity to adopt a synergistic approach incorporating feed chemistry control, reactor design modifications, and intelligent materials selection, for mitigating degradation of SCWO systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003590
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... the relationships between scale morphologies on binary alloys and concludes with a discussion on metal dusting and chlorine corrosion. oxidation high-temperature gaseous corrosion thermal stress catastrophic oxidation internal oxidation sulfidation alloy oxidation concurrent oxidation chlorine...
Abstract
This article examines the characteristics and behavior of scale produced by various types of oxidation. The basic models, concepts, processes, and open questions for high-temperature gaseous corrosion are presented. The article describes the development of geometrically induced growth stresses, transformation stresses, and thermal stresses in oxide scales. It discusses the ways in which stresses can be relieved. The article provides information on catastrophic oxidation, internal oxidation, sulfidation, alloy oxidation, selective oxidation, and concurrent oxidation. It illustrates the relationships between scale morphologies on binary alloys and concludes with a discussion on metal dusting and chlorine corrosion.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... gluten in HCl, vacuum evaporation of HCl, recovery of HCl Chemical Bayonet heaters, single and multiple; condensers; synthetic HCl plants … Halogens (except fluorine) Chlorine, bromine, iodine generators and recovery systems Chemical, pharmaceutical Bayonet heaters, coils, condensers, regulator...
Abstract
Tantalum is one of the most versatile corrosion-resistant metals known. The outstanding corrosion resistance and inertness of tantalum are attributed to a very thin, impervious, protective oxide film that forms on exposure of the metal to slightly anodic or oxidizing conditions. This article provides a discussion on the mechanism of corrosion resistance and on the behavior of tantalum in different corrosive environments, namely, acids; salts; organic compounds; reagents, foods, and pharmaceuticals; body fluids and tissues; and gases. It contains several tables that summarize the effects of acids, salts, and miscellaneous corrosive reagents on tantalum and applications for tantalum equipment in chemical, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Finally, the article presents a discussion on hydrogen embrittlement, the galvanic effects, and cathodic protection of tantalum and describes the corrosion resistance of different types of tantalum-base alloys.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003829
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... concentrations 90 195 <0.05 2 Tartaric, all concentrations (b) 100 212 <0.05 2 (a) Attack will occur whenever silver chloride film is ruptured. (b) Oxygen increases attack in dilute tartaric acid at room temperature Silver is resistant to dry and moist chlorine, due...
Abstract
This article characterizes the corrosion resistance of precious metals, namely, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold. It provides a discussion on the general fabricability; atomic, structural, physical, and mechanical properties; oxidation and corrosion resistance; and corrosion applications of these precious metals. The article also tabulates the corrosion rates of these precious metals in corrosive environment, namely, acids, salts, and halogens.
Book Chapter
Potential versus pH (Pourbaix) Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003580
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... to the possible forms of the element considered in the solution under study. The addition of one or more elements, for example, carbon, sulfur, or chlorine, to a system will introduce new equilibria. Their representation in the E -pH diagram will produce a new diagram more complex than the previous one...
Abstract
A potential pH diagram is a graphical representation of the relations, derived from the Nernst equation, between the pH and the equilibrium potentials (E) of the most probable electrochemical reactions occurring in a solution containing a specific element. This article describes three types of reactions for calculation and construction of E-pH diagrams: electrochemical reactions of pure charge (electron) transfer; reactions involving both electron and solvated proton transfer; and acid-base reactions of pure solvated proton transfer. It illustrates the practical use of E-pH diagrams for temperature aqueous solutions and adsorbed species and in prediction of corrosion of nickel and copper.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005192
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... reaction and mass transfer are considerably faster than for nitrogen. If equilibrium between the metal and the gas bubbles leaving the system is assumed, it is possible to calculate the amount of hydrogen that can be removed by gas bubbling from thermodynamic considerations alone. The equations...
Abstract
This article reviews the solubilities of the common gases present in ferrous metals, such as cast irons, and nonferrous metals, such as aluminum, copper, magnesium, and their alloys. The kinetics of the relevant reactions, reactions during solidification, and possible methods of control or removal of the dissolved gases are discussed. The most common method for removing hydrogen from aluminum, copper, and magnesium is inert gas flushing. The article provides information on techniques to overcome gas porosity in ferrous and nonferrous metals.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Precious Metals and Precious Metal Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003776
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... the most malleable of all metals. Jewelry items are produced mainly from gold alloy, because alloying additions improve the hardness and contribute to color variations. The Au-Ag-Cu system, which is the basis of most gold jewelry and dental alloys used today, dates back several millennia. The binary phase...
Abstract
This article explains how to prepare precious metal test samples for metallographic examination. It discusses cutting, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching and addresses some of the challenges of working with small, relatively soft specimens. It includes dozens of example micrographs, comparing and contrasting the microstructural features of gold, platinum, iridium, palladium, and ruthenium-base alloys. It examines pure gold, intermetallic gold compounds, gold and platinum jewelry alloys, platinum-containing shape memory alloys, and alloys consisting of platinum, aluminum, and copper.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
..., tin, beryllium, lead, hafnium, nitrogen, oxygen, and cadmium. Phase diagrams for many of the binary alloy systems formed between these various elements and zirconium exhibit a peritectic or a peritectoid reaction at the zirconium-rich end. Beta-Stabilizing Elements Beta-stabilizing elements...
Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and titanium are produced from ore that generally is found in a heavy beach sand containing zircon, rutile, and ilmenite. This article discusses the processing methods of these metals, namely, liquid-liquid separation process, distillation separation process, refining, and melting. It also discusses the primary and secondary fabrication of zirconium and hafnium and its alloys. The article talks about the metallurgy of zirconium and its alloys with emphasis on allotropic transformation, cold work and recrystallization, anisotropy and preferred orientation, and the role of oxygen. It concludes by providing useful information on the applications of reactor and industrial grades of zirconium alloys.
Book Chapter
Chemical Vapor Deposition and Related Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003218
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... transport; chemistry of the reaction; and processing parameters of temperature, pressure, and chemical activity. CVD Processes Chemical vapor deposition processes can be classified as either open-reactor systems, including thermal CVD and plasma CVD, or as a closed-reactor system, as in pack...
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) involves the formation of a coating by the reaction of the coating substance with the substrate. Serving as an introduction to CVD, the article provides information on metals, ceramics, and diamond films formed by the CVD process. It further discusses the characteristics of different pack cementation processes, including aluminizing, siliconizing, chromizing, boronizing, and multicomponent coating.
Book Chapter
Pack Cementation Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... a hard compound layer, mostly applied over hardened tool steels; high process temperature can cause distortion. (a) Requires quench from austenitizing temperature In general, simple binary alloys, for example, iron-chromium and nickel-aluminum, are not as effective for oxidation resistance...
Abstract
Pack cementation is the most widely employed method of diffusion coating. This article briefly reviews pack cementation processes of aluminizing, chromizing, and siliconizing. It contains tables that list typical characteristics of pack cementation processes and commercial applications of pack cementation aluminizing, which is used to improve the performance of steels in high-temperature corrosive environments.
Book Chapter
Zirconium and Hafnium
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... formers. Alpha-Stabilizing Elements Alpha-stabilizing elements raise the temperature of the allotropic α-to-β transformation. These elements include aluminum, antimony, tin, beryllium, lead, hafnium, nitrogen, oxygen, and cadmium. Phase diagrams for many of the binary alloy systems formed between...
Abstract
This article discusses the general characteristics, primary and secondary fabrication methods, product forms, and corrosion resistance of zirconium and hafnium. It describes the physical metallurgy of zirconium and its alloys, providing details on allotropic transformation and anisotropy that profoundly influences the engineering properties of zirconium and its alloys. Tables listing the values for chemical composition and tensile properties for nuclear and nonnuclear grades of zirconium are also provided.
Book Chapter
Metallurgy of Induction Melting Processes for Iron and Non-Iron Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005903
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... ( Ref 2 ). Fig. 2 Eutectic points and carbon saturation contents in iron melts: (a) in the iron-carbon binary system, and (b) for a melt with 2% Si, 0.5% Mn, 0.1% S, and 0.1% P. Source: Ref 2 A much smaller, although still significant, influence on the eutectic point is exercised...
Abstract
Interplays of metallurgical factors, such as dissolved oxygen, carbon, and silicon content, that control the molten metal from melting to pouring, have a decisive influence on the quality of the castings. This article focuses on the magnesium treatment and desulfurization carried out during inoculation and nucleation of molten cast iron, assisting in the formation of cast iron. The different types of cast irons are gray cast iron, nodular cast iron, compacted graphite iron, malleable cast iron, and alloyed cast iron. The article provides an overview of the melt treatment processes carried out in cast steel, wrought and cast aluminum, and copper materials.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Titanium and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... that form binary systems ( Fig. 2b ) Beta stabilizers that favor formation of a beta-phase eutectoid ( Fig. 2c ) Neutral alloying elements include tin and zirconium. Although they do not strongly promote phase stability, they retard the rates of transformation and are useful as strengthening agents...
Abstract
This article introduces the different types, distinctions, and grades of commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys. It describes three types of alloying elements: alpha stabilizers, beta stabilizers, and neutral additions. The article discusses the basic categories of titanium alloys, namely, alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys, beta and near-beta titanium alloys, and alpha-beta titanium alloys. It also describes the general microstructural features of titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Beryllium and Aluminum-Beryllium Composites
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... that has come in contact with these ions, or an improper rinsing and drying operation, can result in localized deposits of these contaminants. Common fluids that could contain these ions include cutting oils and fluids, tap water, chlorine-contaminated water, and chlorinated solvents. In general...
Abstract
This article describes the four major conditions that can cause beryllium to corrode in air. These include beryllium carbide particles exposed at the surface; surface contaminated with halide, sulfate, or nitrate ions; surface contaminated with other electrolyte fluids; and atmosphere that contains halide, sulfate, or nitrate ions. The article provides information on the behavior of beryllium under the combined effects of high-purity water environment, stress and chemical environment, and high-temperature environment. The compositions of the structural grades for intentionally controlled elements and major impurities are tabulated. The article discusses the in-process problems and procedures that are common but avoidable when processing beryllium and aluminum-beryllium composites. It also describes the types of coatings used on beryllium and aluminum-beryllium. These include chemical conversion coatings, anodized coatings, plated coatings, organic coatings, and plasma-sprayed coatings.
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