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chloride-active fluxes
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
...), flux removal techniques, and postbraze heat treatment processes. It concludes with information on the safety precautions to be followed during the brazing process. aluminum alloys brazing chloride-active fluxes dip brazing fluoride-active fluxes flux removal techniques fluxless vacuum...
Abstract
Aluminum, a commonly used base material for brazing, can be easily fabricated by most manufacturing methods, such as machining, forming, and stamping. This article outlines non-heat-treatable wrought alloys typically used as base metals for the brazing process. It highlights chloride-active and fluoride-active types of fluxes that are used for torch, furnace, or dip brazing processes. The article explains the steps to be performed, including the designing of joints, preblaze cleaning, assembling, brazing techniques (dip brazing, furnace and torch brazing, fluxless vacuum brazing), flux removal techniques, and postbraze heat treatment processes. It concludes with information on the safety precautions to be followed during the brazing process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001388
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... with this copper-zinc filler metal. Fluxes An adequate fluxing environment is needed to ensure good flow and penetration of the brazing alloy in molten-salt-bath dip brazing. When brazing is done in a neutral flux chloride salt bath, an active flux is usually applied to the assemblies before brazing...
Abstract
This article describes the dip brazing process and the principal types of furnaces used for molten-salt-bath dip-brazing applications. It provides information on equipment maintenance, which is divided into temperature control, control of the liquid, and maintenance of the vessel. The article presents the typical salts used for molten-salt dip brazing of carbon and low-alloy steels with selected filler metals in tabular form. It concludes with information on dip brazing of stainless steels, cast irons, and aluminum alloys and safety precautions of the process.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005300
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... inclusions (see the article “Copper and Copper Alloy Castings” in this Volume) Fluxing of zinc alloys with chloride-containing fluxes that form fluid slag covers, which can be used to minimize melt loss if they are carefully skimmed from the melt before pouring (see the article “Zinc and Zinc Alloy...
Abstract
Aluminum fluxing is a step in obtaining clean molten metal by preventing excessive oxide formation, removing nonmetallic inclusions from the melt, and preventing and/or removing oxide buildup on furnace walls. This article discusses the solid fluxes and gas fluxes used in foundries. It reviews the classification of solid fluxes depending on their use and function at the foundry operation. These include cover fluxes, drossing fluxes, cleaning fluxes, and furnace wall cleaner fluxes. The article also examines the operational practices and applications of the flux injection in the foundries. It describes the applications of the aluminum fluxing such as crucible furnaces, transfer ladles, reverberatory furnaces, and holding/casting furnaces.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... the melting temperature (for example, 40Sn-40Pb-20In and 70Sn-18Pb-12In). Indium also improves ductility and oxidation resistance. Indium-containing alloys have poor corrosion resistance in the presence of halide ions, such as those used for some activators in flux chemistries. The alloys 52In-48Sn and 97In...
Abstract
Soldering technology has been used in applications ranging from the packaging of integrated circuit chips to the fabrication of industrial heat exchangers and consequently in structural or electronic applications. This article provides information on various soldering parameters, including types of solder alloy in terms of selection process; selection of substrate base material; flux selection based on adequate wettability by the solder; solder joint assembly; combined substrate, solder, and flux properties; and manufacturing procedures. Each of these parameters is explored using examples of both structural and electronic applications. The article concludes with a discussion on the environmental, safety, and health issues to be considered during soldering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003686
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... atm total pressure and an activity of aluminum equal to 0.01 at the substrate surface. Figure 7 ( Ref 17 ) shows the model for NaX and NH 4 X activated packs where X = F, Cl, Br, or I. The diffusion direction for each species in the depletion zone is obtained by computing the instantaneous fluxes...
Abstract
This article focuses on the pack-cementation coatings, in particular, halide-activated pack cementation coatings on nickel alloys. It also describes the thermodynamics and kinetics of, and simultaneous deposition of various types of, pack cementation processes. These include pack aluminizing, chromizing, and siliconizing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003593
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... have been used with fused carbonate melts, fused chloride melts, and for oxyfluoride melts ( Ref 7 ), and they could be developed for other fused salt systems. Fig. 2 Experimental electrochemical reference electrodes to simultaneously measure sodium and oxygen activities and thereby, melt...
Abstract
Metals and ceramics exposed to high-temperature salt solutions are susceptible to a form of corrosion caused by fused salts accumulating on unprotected surfaces. This article examines the electrochemistry of such hot corrosion processes, focusing on sodium sulfate systems generated by the combustion of fossil fuels. It explains how salt chemistry, including acid/base and oxidizing properties, affects corrosion rates and mechanisms. The article also provides information on electrochemical testing and explains how Pourbaix methods, normally associated with aqueous corrosion, can be used to study fused-salt corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003210
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... applications and, therefore, require no alloying elements to serve as fluxing agents. The third group of alloys, which is probably the most widely used, is based on the copper-silver binary eutectic system that is modified by substantial additions of zinc and cadmium (both providing fluxing activity...
Abstract
This article provides information about the selection of brazing processes and filler metals and describes the brazing (heating) methods, including manual torch brazing, furnace brazing, induction brazing, dip brazing, resistance brazing and specialized brazing processes such as diffusion and exothermic brazing. The article explains joint design, filler materials, fuel gases, equipment, and fluxes in the brazing methods. The article also describes the brazing of steels, stainless steels, cast irons, heat-resistant alloys, aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, and titanium and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... are referred to as a “nonactivated,” or type R, grade. The addition of an activator to rosin fluxes increases their chemical activity. Activators can be organic halogenated compounds, such as amine hydrohalides that contain chloride, fluoride, or bromide ion groups or “halide-free” activators, such as oleic...
Abstract
Soldering involves heating a joint to a suitable temperature and using a filler metal (solder) that melts below 450 deg C (840 deg F). Beginning with an overview of the specification and standards and applications, this article discusses the principal levels and effects of the most common impurity elements in tin-lead solders. It describes the various processes involved in the successful soldering of joints, including shaping the parts to fit closely together; cleaning and preparing the surfaces to be joined; applying a flux; assembling the parts; and applying the heat and solder.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Equations 2 and 3 show how the flux dissolves iron oxide and how elemental iron is freed both to alloy with zinc (desirable) and to form dross (undesirable). When fresh flux containing the active ingredient NH 4 Cl is added to partially spent flux, the high-melting viscous basic zinc chlorides (shown...
Abstract
This article describes the control of alloy composition and impurity levels in die casting of zinc alloys based on agitation, use of foundry scrap, and melt temperature and fluxing. It reviews the process considerations for the melt processing of the zinc alloys. The process considerations include the usage of furnaces and launder system, scrap return, inclusions in zinc alloys, fluxing of zinc alloys, and galvanizing fluxes. The article discusses the materials and lubricant selection, casting and die temperature control, and trimming process used in hot chamber die casting for zinc alloys. It also reviews other casting processes for zinc alloys, such as sand casting, permanent mold casting, plaster mold casting, squeeze casting, and semisolid casting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001346
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Activated rosin fluxes were developed to provide more chemically active fluxes for mass-produced electronics, such as packaged components. Most mass-produced electronics are manufactured using RMA fluxes. The use of chlorides in these fluxes requires effective cleaning after soldering to prevent corrosion...
Abstract
Soldering is defined as a joining process by which two substrates are bonded together using a filler metal with a liquidus temperature. This article provides an overview of fundamentals of soldering and presents guidelines for flux selection. Types of fluxes, including rosin-base fluxes, organic fluxes, inorganic fluxes, and synthetically activated fluxes, are reviewed. The article describes the joint design and precleaning and surface preparation for soldering. It addresses some general considerations in the soldering of electronic devices. Soldering process parameters, affecting wetting and spreading phenomena, such as temperature, time, vapor pressure, metallurgical and chemical nature of the surfaces, and surface geometry, are discussed. The article also describes the applications of furnace soldering, resistance soldering, infrared soldering, and ultrasonic soldering. It contains a table that lists tests commonly used to evaluate the solderability properties of selected soldered components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001492
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to prevent crevices that may generate crevice corrosion, especially when the environment has chloride ions in solution. The flux should be easily removed to avoid residues that can accelerate the corrosion rate in the joint. Electronic Packaging Filler metal compositions and forms for soldering have...
Abstract
This article describes the factors considered in the analysis of brazeability and solderability of engineering materials. These are the wetting and spreading behavior, joint mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, metallurgical considerations, and residual stress levels. It discusses the application of brazed and soldered joints in sophisticated mechanical assemblies, such as aerospace equipment, chemical reactors, electronic packaging, nuclear applications, and heat exchangers. The article also provides a detailed discussion on the joining process characteristics of different types of engineering materials considered in the selection of a brazing process. The engineering materials include low-carbon steels, low-alloy steels, and tool steels; cast irons; aluminum alloys; copper and copper alloys; nickel-base alloys; heat-resistant alloys; titanium and titanium alloys; refractory metals; cobalt-base alloys; and ceramic materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... (in a presence of a “getter,” see ‘Vacuum Brazing’ in this article). Fluxes can be corrosive or noncorrosive. Corrosive Aluminum-Brazing Fluxes Corrosive aluminum-brazing fluxes are mixtures of inorganic chloride and fluoride salts supplied in powder and dispensable paste form. Powder flux is applied...
Abstract
Brazing technology is continually advancing for a variety of metals including aluminum and its alloys and nonmetals. This article discusses the key physical phenomena in aluminum brazing and the materials for aluminum brazing, including base metals, filler metals, brazing sheet, and brazing flux. It describes various aluminum brazing methods, such as furnace, vacuum, dip, and torch brazing. Friction, flow, induction, resistance, and diffusion brazing are some alternate brazing methods discussed. The article reviews the brazing of aluminum to ferrous alloys, aluminum to copper, and aluminum to other nonferrous metals. It also discusses post-braze processes in terms of post-braze heat treatment and finishing. The article concludes with information on the safety precautions considered in brazing aluminum alloys.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001272
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... have been tried with success. Nickel, vanadium, antimony, titanium, and rare earth metals are known to produce positive results under some circumstances. An aluminum concentration less than 0.01% is generally maintained in the zinc bath when a preflux and/or a bath flux are used. The high chloride...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the applications of galvanized coatings and provides information on metallurgical characteristics, such as coating thickness and alloying elements. It examines the effect of galvanizing process on the mechanical properties of steels and briefly describes the cleaning procedures of iron and steel pieces, before galvanizing. The article discusses the different types of conventional batch galvanizing practices. Information on the galvanizing of silicon-killed steels is also presented. The article concludes with helpful information on batch galvanizing equipment and galvanizing post treatments.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... be given due consideration. Halide-Induced Corrosion Many types of solder fluxes contain halides. Frequently, the halide constituent is the chloride ion, but in some solder-flux formulations, bromide and fluoride ions may be present alone or in combination with chloride ions. Of course, solder flux...
Abstract
This article focuses on the various types of corrosion-related failure mechanisms and their effects on passive electrical components. The types include halide-induced corrosion, organic-acid-induced corrosion, electrochemical metal migration, silver tarnish, fretting, and metal whiskers. The passive electrical components include resistors, capacitors, wound components, sensors, transducers, relays, switches, connectors, printed circuit boards, and hardware.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0004050
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... may be greatly increased if molten chlorides are formed, which may cause fluxing of oxide scales. Fig. 1 Various types of high-temperature corrosion attack as a function of temperature for (a) chromia-forming alloys and (b) alumina-forming alloys. Corrosion rates are given in arbitrary units...
Abstract
This article describes the specific features and mechanisms of oxidation in thermal spray coatings. It discusses the two forms of hot corrosion in sulfur-containing combustion, namely high-temperature hot corrosion and low-temperature hot corrosion. The article reviews the behavior of corrosion-resistant coatings in boilers. The effects of high-temperature corrosion in waste incinerators are detailed. The article also examines the effects of erosion-corrosion in fluidized bed combustion boilers.
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Schematic diagrams of the fluxes of the major diffusing gaseous species in aluminizing packs activated with (a) NH 4 X ( X = Cl, Br, or I), (b) NH 4 F, and (c) NaCl. Source: Ref 20 , 21 Diffusion of the gaseous halides takes place across an aluminum-depleted zone which forms as a result...
Abstract
This article describes the widespread use of diffusion coatings for elevated-temperature protection of the turbine components for aircraft engines and gas turbines. The principles of pack diffusion coating, namely, aluminizing, chromizing, and siliconizing, are discussed. The article presents information on the coating formation mechanism of superalloys and explains the steps involved in a typical pack cementation process. It concludes with information on the processing procedures and properties of pack aluminized steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... equipped with conventional burners, severe fireside corrosion on furnace walls is typically found in small areas, mostly adjacent to the burners where high heat flux is encountered. On these tube wall surfaces, a thick scale is produced that often displays circumferential grooving resembling an alligator...
Abstract
The presence of certain impurities in coal and oil is responsible for the majority of fireside corrosion experienced in utility boilers. In coal, the primary impurities are sulfur, alkali metals, and chlorine. The most detrimental impurities in fuel oil are vanadium, sodium, sulfur, and chlorine. This article describes the two categories of fireside corrosion based on location in the furnace: waterwall corrosion in the lower furnace and fuel ash corrosion of superheaters and reheaters in the upper furnace. It discusses prevention methods, including changes to operating parameters and application of protective cladding or coatings.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... be chemically very active to accomplish the cleaning action. Most of the fluxes are chloride- or fluoride-base compounds. These compounds dissociate at the soldering temperature, react with the metal surface, and help in cleaning the surface by reducing the surface oxides. As a result, most of the corrosion...
Abstract
Corrosion is often thought of as rusting, the process of deterioration undergone by a metal when it is exposed to air or water. This article provides the fundamentals of joints corrosion and primarily addresses the various forms of corrosion observed in brazed and soldered joints and their causes. It describes the role of proper brazing procedures in controlling corrosion. The article concludes with information on the corrosion resistance of various brazing alloy systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006535
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
.... Treatment with salt fluxes or active fluxing gases changes the interfacial relationship of included particles with the melt so that gravitational separation is facilitated. Fluxing with argon, nitrogen, and/or other gases results in flotation of entrained matter, while dissolved hydrogen is reduced...
Abstract
There are a wide variety of furnace types and designs for melting aluminum. This article discusses the various types of furnaces, including gas reverberatory furnaces, crucible furnaces, and induction melting furnaces. It describes the classification of solid fluxes: cover fluxes, drossing fluxes, cleaning fluxes, and furnace wall cleaner fluxes. The article reviews the basic considerations in proper flux selection and fluxing practices. It explains the basic principles of degassing and discusses the degassing of wrought aluminum alloys. The article describes filtration in wrought aluminum production and in shape casting. It also reviews grain refinement in aluminum-silicon casting alloys, aluminum-silicon-copper casting alloys, aluminum-copper casting alloys, aluminum-zinc-magnesium casting alloys, and aluminum-magnesium casting alloys. The article concludes with a discussion on aluminum-silicon modification.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... to 140 ppm HCl ( Ref 29 ). Municipal wastes are characterized as having a 0.5% halide dry content, of which 60% is derived from organic polymer sources ( Ref 30 ). Chloride salts have melting temperatures as low as 175 °C (350 °F), which can serve as a fluxing agent that dissolves protective oxide films...
Abstract
High-temperature corrosion can occur in numerous environments and is affected by various parameters such as temperature, alloy and protective coating compositions, stress, time, and gas composition. This article discusses the primary mechanisms of high-temperature corrosion, namely oxidation, carburization, metal dusting, nitridation, carbonitridation, sulfidation, and chloridation. Several other potential degradation processes, namely hot corrosion, hydrogen interactions, molten salts, aging, molten sand, erosion-corrosion, and environmental cracking, are discussed under boiler tube failures, molten salts for energy storage, and degradation and failures in gas turbines. The article describes the effects of environment on aero gas turbine engines and provides an overview of aging, diffusion, and interdiffusion phenomena. It also discusses the processes involved in high-temperature coatings that improve performance of superalloy.
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