This article focuses on the internal corrosion of iron and copper in potable water. It tabulates the corrosion and water-quality problems caused by materials in contact with drinking water. The article provides a theoretical description of the reduction-oxidation reactions in water to analyze the causes of corrosion of metals in contact with water. It discusses the Langelier saturation index and the Larson index for determining corrosion in potable water systems. The article describes the two major ways of mitigation against corrosion in potable water systems. The first is to line the pipe surface physically such that water and dissolved oxygen cannot reach the metal surface and the second is to add chemical inhibitors to alter water chemistry.

This article focuses on lubricants classified as either internal combustion engine or nonengine lubricants, and the lubricant additives. The functional groups of chemically active and inert additives, as well as friction modifiers and other additives, are described in detail. The chemically active additives include dispersants, detergents, antiwear, and extreme-pressure agents, oxidation inhibitors, and rust and corrosion inhibitors. The chemically inert additives include emulsifiers, demulsifiers, pour-point depressants, foam inhibitors, and viscosity improvers. The article also discusses the multifunctional nature of additives and concludes with information on lubricant formulation.

This article discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the corrosion control methods used in petroleum production (i.e., upstream) and the storage and transportation of oil and gas (i.e., midstream) up to the refinery (i.e., downstream). These control methods include proper material selection, protective coatings, cathodic protection systems, use of inhibitors, use of nonmetallic materials, and control of the environment. The article reviews the aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique to corrosion as encountered in applications involving oil and gas exploration and production. It discusses corrosion problems that are specific to the various types of environments or equipment used in secondary recovery, including producing wells, producing flow lines, and injection wells. Corrosion mitigation methods and guidelines are also discussed for each type of environment.

Crevice corrosion involves three fundamental types of processes such as electrochemical reactions, homogeneous chemical reactions, and mass transport. This article describes the critical factors of crevice corrosion, including crevice geometry, material, environment, crevice corrosion stifling, and pitting relationships. It explains the crevice corrosion of stainless steel, nickel alloys, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys with examples. The article reviews the types of testing methods that have been developed for differentiating and ranking the resistance of alloys toward crevice corrosion. It also presents the strategies for the prevention of crevice corrosion or lessening its effects, such as design awareness, use of inhibitors, and electrochemical control methods.

Corrosion of metals is defined as deterioration caused by chemical or electrochemical reaction of the metal with its environment. This article provides information on corrosion of iron and steel by aqueous and nonaqueous media. It discusses the corrosive environments of carbon and alloy steels, namely atmospheric corrosion, soil corrosion, corrosion in fresh water and seawater. The article describes the corrosion process in concrete, which tends to create conditions that increase the rate of attack. The focus is on the stress-corrosion cracking of steels; an environmentally induced crack propagation that results from the combined interaction of mechanical stress and corrosion reactions. The article tabulates a guide on corrosion prevention for carbon steels in various environments. It also discusses protection methods of steel from corrosion, including coatings, such as temporary protection, cleaning, hot dip coating, electroplating, thermal spray coatings, conversion coatings, thin organic coatings, and inhibitors.

This article begins with the discussion on the background of metal-matrix composites (MMC) and moves into a broad description of the general parameters affecting the corrosion of MMC. It discusses the primary sources of MMC corrosion that include galvanic corrosion between MMC constituents, chemical degradation of interphases and reinforcements, microstructure-influenced corrosion, and processing-induced corrosion. The article elaborates on the corrosion behavior of specific aluminum, magnesium, titanium, copper, stainless steel, lead, depleted uranium, and zinc MMCs systems. It concludes with a description on the corrosion control of MMCs using protective coatings and inhibitors.

The inhibitors currently in use are generally complex mixtures of reaction products and have been formulated to meet the demands of a very competitive industry. This article discusses these demands on inhibitor formulation. The varying characteristics and number of organic inhibitors are explained by the varying characteristics of oil wells and gas wells. Water injection systems and pipelines are also discussed. The article describes the factors that influence the corrosivity of produced fluids and the various treatments applicable for oil, gas, and pumping wells. It examines the primary causes of corrosion inhibition in waterfloods: oxygen contamination and acid gases dissolved in the brine. A discussion on the bacteria-induced corrosion is provided. The article also explains various tests available for field corrosion monitoring. It details the methods used to monitor corrosion rates and inhibitor effectiveness. The article concludes information on the computerization of inhibitor treating programs.

This article describes the eight chemical cleaning methods, namely, circulation, fill and soak, cascade, foam, vapor-phase organic, steam-injected, on-line chemical, and mechanical cleaning. It presents information on deposit types, solvents used to remove them, and construction material incompatibilities in a table. The article summarizes the uses of chemical cleaning solutions, including hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfamic acid, as well as the additives used to neutralize their impact on corrosion. It discusses the chemical cleaning procedures, including selection of cleaning method and solvent, documentation of cleaning, and corrosion monitoring in chemical cleaning.

This article discusses the factors affecting corrosion behavior. It describes galvanic corrosion and its protection methods. The article also provides information on coatings and inhibitors, which are used in corrosion protection.

This article discusses the definitions, classifications, structural features, vapor pressure values, corrosion inhibition mechanisms, and methods of evaluation of vapor-phase-corrosion inhibitors or volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCIs). Practical methods of using VCIs for corrosion protection of aluminum, ferrous, and nonferrous alloys are discussed with specific examples. The article contains tables that summarize the applications of different VCIs used for protecting ferrous metals, copper and its alloys, and silver.

The corrosion process that occurs in industrial systems is often difficult to discern until extensive deterioration has occurred. For boilers to function properly, the incoming water must be processed to meet the water quality required for the boiler. This article discusses pretreatment methods of the incoming water and preboiler corrosion protection methods. It analyzes internal treatment and condensate treatment of boilers. The article discusses three types of cooling systems: once-through systems, open recirculating systems, and closed recirculating systems. The corrosion processes which occur in water-recirculating systems and the effect of dissolved gases, temperature, pH, suspended solids, dissolved salts, and scale deposition on corrosivity of water, are also reviewed. The article also considers anodic and cathodic inhibitors and the control of corrosion in municipal water systems.

This article provides an overview of the electrochemical nature of corrosion and analyzes corrosion-related failures. It describes corrosion failure analysis and discusses corrective and preventive approaches to mitigate corrosion-related failures of metals. These include: change in the environment; change in the alloy or heat treatment; change in design; use of galvanic protection; use of inhibitors; use of nonmetallic coatings and liners; application of metallic coatings; use of surface treatments, thermal spray, or other surface modifications; corrosion monitoring; and preventive maintenance.

Advances in vehicle design and technology require engine coolant technology to minimize the degradation of nonmetals and prevent the corrosion of the metals in the cooling system. This article provides a detailed discussion on the functions, operation, materials, and major components of the cooling system. It discusses various forms of corrosion that occur in cooling systems, including uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, erosion corrosion, and cavitation corrosion. The article presents information on engine coolant base components and inhibitors used for corrosion prevention. It reviews the coolant performance tests recommended by ASTM, SAE, and vehicle manufacturers. The article concludes with a description on the difference between light-duty automotive and heavy-duty diesel engine coolants.

Corrosion is the deterioration of a material by a reaction of that material with its environment. The realization that corrosion control can be profitable has been acknowledged repeatedly by industry, typically following costly business interruptions. This article describes the electrochemical nature of corrosion and provides the typical analysis of environmental- and corrosion-related failures. It presents common methods of testing of laboratory corrosion and discusses the processes involved in the prevention of environmental- and corrosion-related failures of metals and nonmetals.

Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of metals is described as mechanically accelerated corrosion, erosion corrosion, or metallic corrosion enhanced by wear. This article reviews the history, process, chemistry, electrochemistry, and defect issues for CMP. It provides an overview of CMP through a schematic illustration of CMP process equipment. The applications of CMP to tungsten and copper alloys are of prime interest in the semiconductor industry. The article discusses copper CMP and tungsten CMP in detail and analyzes polishing mechanism during CMP by application of direct current potentiodynamic polarization and alternating current impedance measurements. It concludes with information on chemically induced defects such as pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and chemical etching.

Pickling is the most common of several processes used to remove scale from steel surfaces. This article provides a discussion on pickling solutions, such as sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and describes the role of inhibitors in acid pickling. It discusses the equipment and processes involved in the batch, continuous, and electrolytic pickling of carbon steel components. The article describes the effects of process variables on scale removal in sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It concludes with a description of pickling defects, spent pickle liquor disposal, and safety practices.

This article describes the analytical methods for analyzing surfaces for corrosion and corrosion inhibition processes as well as failure analysis based on surface structure and chemical identity and composition. The principles and applications of the surface-structure analysis techniques, namely, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, are reviewed. The article discusses the principles and applications of chemical identity and composition analysis techniques. These techniques include the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy, reflectance Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis.

This article provides useful information on the occurrence of corrosion in crude oil refinery units, namely, crude unit, catalytic and thermal cracking units, hydroprocessing units, amine sweetening units, and sour water units. Types and applications of corrosion inhibitors, namely, neutralizers, filming inhibitors, scavengers, microbiocides, and anti-foulants and scale inhibitors, are reviewed. The article describes the direct and indirect corrosion monitoring methods used to reduce equipment damage due to corrosion events and to assess the reliability and useful service life of process equipment.

This article focuses on the mineral and organic acid cleaning of iron and steel. It begins with a discussion on the application methods, process selection criteria, solution composition, equipment used, and control of process variables in mineral acid cleaning. The article then describes the advantages and disadvantages of organic acid cleaning. Applications, including boiler cleaning, stainless steel cleaning, and removal of iron- and copper-bearing deposits, are discussed. The article concludes with an overview of acid cleaning of nonferrous alloys.