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Image
The effects of steam cleaning, with and without the addition of chemical cl...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 November 2018
Fig. 3 The effects of steam cleaning, with and without the addition of chemical cleaners, on anodized 5457 alloy. Steam alone, as well as steam plus proprietary cleaners A, B, and C, had no effect, whereas steam plus cleaners D and especially E had adverse effects, as illustrated. Care should
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Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract This article discusses the use of a shaped electrode for electrical discharge machining (EDM). It describes the operational methodology of the EDM. Topography, metallurgical and chemical effects, and surface integrity of the EDM surface are reviewed. The article provides information...
Abstract
This article discusses the use of a shaped electrode for electrical discharge machining (EDM). It describes the operational methodology of the EDM. Topography, metallurgical and chemical effects, and surface integrity of the EDM surface are reviewed. The article provides information on the characteristics of electrodes and the process features of electrode manufacturing. Functions of the dielectric fluids and applications of the EDM are discussed. The article reviews the advancement in EDM such as no-wear EDM and computer numerically controlled vertical EDM. It analyzes the applications and process of the traveling wire EDM. Health and safety measures for the EDM process are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006657
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article discusses the basic principles of and chemical effects in Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), covering various factors affecting the quantitative analyses of AES. The discussion covers instrumentation and sophisticated electronics typically used in AES for data acquisition...
Abstract
This article discusses the basic principles of and chemical effects in Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), covering various factors affecting the quantitative analyses of AES. The discussion covers instrumentation and sophisticated electronics typically used in AES for data acquisition and manipulation and various limitations of AES. Various examples highlighting the capabilities of the technique are also included.
Image
Effect of anodizing conditions on specular reflectance of chemically bright...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 8 Effect of anodizing conditions on specular reflectance of chemically brightened aluminum. Data are for a 5 μm (0.2 mil) anodic coating on 5457 alloy. (a) 17 wt% H 2 SO 4 . (b) 8.8 wt% H 2 SO 4
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Image
Effect of surface temperature of polisher on polishing rate. (a) Chemical a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 December 2017
Fig. 28 Effect of surface temperature of polisher on polishing rate. (a) Chemical and mechanical polishing (CMP) of silicon wafer with polyurethane polisher, 1.5 M-KOH aq. and 0.1 μm ZrO 2 5 wt%, polishing pressure 120 gf/cm 2 , polisher rotary speed 90 rpm, air. Source: Ref 49 . (b
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Effect of the chemical composition of a binary alloy on alloy viscosity. So...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1993
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Published: 01 January 1993
Image
Effect of annealing heat treatment on magnetic properties and chemical comp...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2015
Fig. 15 Effect of annealing heat treatment on magnetic properties and chemical composition of iron cores. Source: Ref 13
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Effect of chemical composition and starting powder on hardenability. Source...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2014
Image
Effect of steel-hardening characteristics (chemical-composition dependent) ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2014
Fig. 14 Effect of steel-hardening characteristics (chemical-composition dependent) on required cooling rate for quenching. Source: Ref 7 . Reprinted with permission.
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Image
Effect of ultrasonic agitation on material removal rate in chemical etching...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 June 2020
Fig. 30 Effect of ultrasonic agitation on material removal rate in chemical etching of SLM Ti6Al4V. Source: Ref 28
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Effect of pH on corrosion of aluminum 1100-H14 in various chemical solution...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 June 2019
Fig. 6 Effect of pH on corrosion of aluminum 1100-H14 in various chemical solutions. The concentration of all the solutions ranged from 0.00001 to 0.1 N , except acetic acid (0.00001 to 17.4 N ), ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH) (0.00001 to 15 N ), and sodium disilicate (Na 2 Si 2 O 5
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Book Chapter
Environmental Stress Cracking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006917
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... of chemical interactions, but the effects leading to failure can result from chemical agents that show only mild-to-moderate affinity to the polymer. For instance, these mild-to-moderate ESC agents may reveal no significant weight gain or no detectable change in mechanical properties when the substance...
Abstract
While there are many fracture mechanisms that can lead to the failure of a plastic component, environmental stress cracking (ESC) is recognized as one of the leading causes of plastic failure. This article focuses on unpacking the basic concepts of ESC to provide the engineer with a better understanding of how to evaluate and prevent it. It then presents factors that affect and contribute to the susceptibility of plastic to ESC: material factors, chemical factors, stress, and environmental factors. The article includes the collection of background information to understand the circumstances surrounding the failure, a fractographic evaluation to assess the cracking, and analytical testing to evaluate the material, design, manufacturing, and environmental factors.
Book Chapter
Material and Chemical Characterization as a Part of the Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005686
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... devices. An important step in the process is that of characterizing the material and identification of chemicals that can migrate or extract from the material. Such basic information is critical to understanding biological response and risk managment of the device, because adverse effects caused...
Abstract
This article provides a background to the biological evaluation of medical devices. It discusses what the ISO 10993 standards require for polymeric biomaterials and presents examples of qualitative and quantitative tests that can be used to satisfy these requirements. The article describes infrared (IR) and thermal analyses that are used extensively to fingerprint polymeric materials. It also presents a discussion on the chemical characterization and risk assessment of extracts. Background information on risk assessments of extracts is also included. The four basic steps that are commonly used in the risk assessment process are discussed. These include hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment, and risk characterization.
Book Chapter
Effect of Environment on the Performance of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006867
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract With any polymeric material, chemical exposure may have one or more different effects. Some chemicals act as plasticizers, changing the polymer from one that is hard, stiff, and brittle to one which is softer, more flexible, and sometimes tougher. Often these chemicals can dissolve...
Abstract
With any polymeric material, chemical exposure may have one or more different effects. Some chemicals act as plasticizers, changing the polymer from one that is hard, stiff, and brittle to one which is softer, more flexible, and sometimes tougher. Often these chemicals can dissolve the polymer if they are present in large enough quantity and if the polymer is not crosslinked. Other chemicals can induce environmental stress cracking (ESC), an effect in which brittle fracture of a polymer will occur at a level of stress well below that required to cause failure in the absence of the ESC reagent. Finally, there are some chemicals that cause actual degradation of the polymer, breaking the macromolecular chains, reducing molecular weight, and diminishing polymer properties as a result. This article examines each of these effects. The discussion also covers the effects of surface embrittlement and temperature on polymer performance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004184
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
.... The article discusses the corrosion effects of caustic soda on nonmetallic materials: plastics, thermoplastics, thermosetting resin materials, carbon and graphite, and ceramics. It concludes with information on the effects of contamination of and by caustic and of admixtures of caustic with other chemicals...
Abstract
True alkaline chemicals include caustic soda or sodium hydroxide (NaOH), caustic potash or potassium hydroxide (KOH), and soda ash or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). This article reviews alkaline chemicals and provides a basis for a general discussion on various alkaline exposures. It describes the corrosion effects of caustic soda on aluminum and aluminum alloys, iron and steel, carbon and low-alloy steels, stainless steels, high-performance austenitic alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, copper and copper alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, and zirconium and zirconium alloys. The article discusses the corrosion effects of caustic soda on nonmetallic materials: plastics, thermoplastics, thermosetting resin materials, carbon and graphite, and ceramics. It concludes with information on the effects of contamination of and by caustic and of admixtures of caustic with other chemicals, including chlorates, chlorides, chlorine/hypochlorite, mercury, sulfur, and iron.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... and chemical properties, including chemical composition, corrosion resistance, and chemical reactivity. The article discusses the effects of alloying elements in titanium alloys, and describes the classes of titanium alloys, namely, alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys. It also describes...
Abstract
This article discusses the wrought product forms of titanium and titanium-base alloys, which include forgings and the typical mill products with tabulations for various specifications, and compares specifications for pure titanium, titanium alloys for mechanical, physical properties and chemical properties, including chemical composition, corrosion resistance, and chemical reactivity. The article discusses the effects of alloying elements in titanium alloys, and describes the classes of titanium alloys, namely, alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys. It also describes the typical applications of various titanium-base materials, and explains the crystal structure, effect of impurities, and microstructural constituents of titanium alloys. The article provides a brief description on the processing of wrought titanium alloys, including primary fabrication in which ingots are converted into general mill products and secondary fabrication (forging, extrusion, forming, machining, chemical milling and joining) of finished shapes from mill products and the heat treatment of titanium alloys.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003381
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract Hygrothermal behavior of cured composite materials relates to the combined and commonly synergistic effects of moisture absorption and temperature on various physical, chemical and mechanical properties. This article focuses on the influence of resins or matrices, reinforcements...
Abstract
Hygrothermal behavior of cured composite materials relates to the combined and commonly synergistic effects of moisture absorption and temperature on various physical, chemical and mechanical properties. This article focuses on the influence of resins or matrices, reinforcements, processing, and diffusion on hygrothermal behavior of polymer-matrix composites and provides an outline on general considerations in assessing them. It discusses the hygrothermal testing and conditioning of polymer-matrix composites to assess fundamental hygrothermal behavior. The article provides information on the accelerated aging process for understanding the degradation mechanisms and failure modes in composites. It also describes the effect of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of polymer-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties of Gray Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006344
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... some general property comparisons with malleable, ductile (nodular), and compacted graphite irons. The mechanical properties of gray iron are determined by the combined effects of its chemical composition, processing technique in the foundry, and cooling rates during solidification. The article...
Abstract
A wide range of mechanical properties can be obtained with a given composition of cast iron, depending on the microstructural constituents that form during solidification and subsequent solid-state processing. This article discusses the mechanical properties of gray iron and provides some general property comparisons with malleable, ductile (nodular), and compacted graphite irons. The mechanical properties of gray iron are determined by the combined effects of its chemical composition, processing technique in the foundry, and cooling rates during solidification. The article provides information on the classification of gray irons based on ASTM International specification A48/A48M. It discusses the loading effect, surface effect, notch sensitivity, and environmental effect on the mechanical properties of gray iron. The chemical composition ranges of some of the more widely used heat-resistant gray irons suitable for elevated-temperature service are presented in a table.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... failure analysis. It describes the general considerations for bulk and microscale chemical analysis in failure analysis, the most effective techniques to use for organic or inorganic materials, and examples of using these techniques. The article discusses the processes involved in the chemical analysis...
Abstract
Chemical analysis is a critical part of any failure investigation. With the right planning and proper analytical equipment, a myriad of information can be obtained from a sample. This article presents a high-level introduction to techniques often used for chemical analysis during failure analysis. It describes the general considerations for bulk and microscale chemical analysis in failure analysis, the most effective techniques to use for organic or inorganic materials, and examples of using these techniques. The article discusses the processes involved in the chemical analysis of nonmetallics. Advances in chemical analysis methods for failure analysis are also covered.
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