Fig. 8 Comparative case-depth and case-hardness data obtained for liquid carburizing process-control specimens made of three steels. (a) Data are for 11 mm diam by 6.4 mm (0.4375 in. diam by 0.25 in.) specimens carburized 2 h at 855 °C (1575 °F), brine quenched and tempered at 150 °C (300 °F More

Fig. 10 Hardness traverse methods for case-hardness profiling More

Fig. 51 Case-hardness traverse of section used for Fig. 50 taken from tooth shown in Fig. 49(b) . More

Fig. 37 Sample of microhardness traverse showing ideal and non-ideal case hardness traverse More

Fig. 2 Case-hardness gradients for two carbon steels and four low-alloy steels showing effects of carburizing temperature and time. Specimens measuring 19 mm diam by 51 mm (¾ in. diam by 2 in.) were carburized, air cooled, reheated in neutral salt at 845 °C (1550 °F), and quenched in nitrate More

Fig. 3 Case-hardness gradients for selected steels showing scatter resulting from normal variations More

Fig. 22 Case hardness and composition of carbonitrided 1018 steel specimens, each line representing a different specimen at process temperatures of (a) 785 °C (1450 °F) and (b) 900 °C (1650 °F). The higher process temperature provides more consistent results and uniform case. 5% ammonia More

Fig. 6 Case-hardness gradients for selected steels showing scatter resulting from normal variations More

Fig. 40 Typical hardness distribution for a thick carburized case. The total case depth determined by microhardness is approximately 1 mm (0.04 in.). Note that the case hardness of this carburized case varies significantly due to changes in retained austenite content (at near-zero depth More

Fig. 4 Rolling contact fatigue test results. Test material run against a case-hardened surface. Deep cases used on all surface-hardened discs or rollers. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 478 Case-hardened pin of AISI 5046 steel with a hardness of 61 HRC in the case, 248 HB in the core, showing fatigue zone. The pin was cut, then broken (light area at center). Sectioning of the pin revealed subcase fatigue cracking. 2.25× More

Fig. 2 Example of a hardness profile after case hardening. CHD, case-hardening depth More

Fig. 5 Hardness range as a function of case depth for four stainless steels that were annealed prior to nitriding. Annealing temperature: types 302 and 321, 1065 °C (1950 °F); type 430, 980 °C (1800 °F); and type 446, 900 °C (1650 °F) More

Fig. 8 Surface (case) and core hardness as functions of ion nitriding time and temperature for 18Ni (300) maraging steel. Source: Ref 20 More

Fig. 4 Hardness profiles and effective case depths at 50 HRC for root and pitch line locations of a carburized and hardened 8620H steel gear More

Fig. 32 Hot hardness of several specialty case carburizing alloys. Source: Ref 44 More

Fig. 41 Typical hardness distribution for a thin nitrocarburized case. Courtesy of Element Materials Technology More

Fig. 26 Effect of tempering temperature on hardness gradients in carbonitrided cases. Rockwell C hardness converted from Vickers. Specimens were the same as in Fig. 26 and were tempered as indicated. More

Fig. 15 Hardness gradients and case depth relations for single-stage nitrided aluminum-containing SAE 7140 steel More

Fig. 1 Case-hardened parts have a hard surface layer over a softer, more ductile core. Steel in this condition exhibits better fracture toughness than it does before case hardening. These curves show the behavior of carburized 8620 and 9310 steels with 0.381 mm (0.015 in.) case depth with 8660 More