This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which carbon (C) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The other elements are Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, N, Ni, S, Si, Ti, V, and W. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 136 phase diagrams (solidus projection, liquidus projection, isothermal section and vertical section).

This article describes the liquidus plots, isothermal plots, and isopleth plots used for a hypothetical ternary phase space diagram. It discusses the single-phase boundary (SPB) line and zero-phase fraction (ZPF) line for carbon-chromium-iron isopleth. The article illustrates the Gibbs triangle for plotting ternary composition and discusses the ternary three-phase phase diagrams by using tie triangles. It describes the peritectic system with three-phase equilibrium and ternary four-phase equilibrium. The article presents representative binary iron phase diagrams, showing ferrite stabilization (iron-chromium) and austenite stabilization (iron-nickel).

This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which iron (Fe) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 16 phase diagrams: Fe-Mn-Ni liquidus projection; Fe-Mn-Ni isothermal section at 750 °C; Fe-Mn-Ni isothermal section at 850 °C; Fe-Mn-Ni isothermal section at 650 °C; Fe-Mn-Ni isothermal section at 550 °C; Fe-Mo-Nb isothermal section at 1050 °C; Fe-Mo-Nb isothermal section at 1150 °C; Fe-Mo-Nb isothermal section at 900 °C; Fe-Mo-Ni liquidus projection; Fe-Mo-Ni isothermal section at 1100 °C; Fe-Mo-Ni isothermal section at 1200 °C; Fe-Ni-W liquidus and solidus projections; Fe-Ni-W isothermal section at 1500 °C; Fe-Ni-W isothermal section at 1455 °C; Fe-Ni-W isothermal section at 1465 °C; and Fe-Ni-W isothermal section at 1400 °C.

This article presents ternary alloy phase diagrams to be used primarily by engineers to solve industrial problems. The diagrams presented are for stable equilibrium conditions, with the exception of metastable conditions for some diagrams involving carbon and iron. In some ternary diagrams involving carbon and iron, the symbol M is used to represent both iron and the other metallic element when the two metals substitute for each other in a carbide phase.

This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which molybdenum (Mo) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 8 phase diagrams: Mo-Nb-Ti isothermal section at 600 °C; Mo-Nb-Ti isothermal section at 1100 °C; Mo-Ni-Ti isothermal section at 1200 °C; Mo-Ni-Ti isothermal section at 900 °C; Mo-Ni-W isothermal section at 700 °C; Mo-Ni-W isothermal section at 1000 °C; Mo-Ti-W isothermal section at 2227 °C; and Mo-Ti-W isothermal section at 1000 °C.

This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which chromium (Cr) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The other elements are Fe, Mn, Mo, N, Nb, Ni, Ti, V and W. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 55 phase diagrams (liquidus projection, solidus projection, isothermal section and vertical section).

This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which copper (Cu) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The other elements are Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sn, Ti and Zn. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 42 phase diagrams (liquidus projection, solidus projection, isopleths, isothermal section and vertical section).

Cast irons primarily are iron alloys that contain more than 2% carbon and from 1 to 3% silicon. This article provides a description of iron-iron carbide-silicon system; and discusses the classification, composition, and characteristics of cast irons, such as gray, ductile, malleable, compacted graphite, and white cast iron. A table shows the correspondence between commercial and microstructural classification, as well as final processing stage in obtaining common cast irons.

The application of phase diagrams is instrumental in solid-state transformations for the processing and heat treatment of alloys. A unary phase diagram plots the phase changes of one element as a function of temperature and pressure. This article discusses the unary system that can exist as a solid, liquid, and/or gas, depending on the specific combination of temperature and pressure. It describes the accomplishment of conversion between weight percentage and atomic percentage in a binary system by the use of formulas. The article analyzes the effects of alloying on melting/solidification and on solid-state transformations. It explains the construction of phase diagrams by the Gibbs phase rule and the Lever rule. The article also reviews the various types of alloy systems that involve solid-state transformations. It concludes with information on the sources of phase diagram.

This article presents various equations that are essential for the modeling of both single-phase and multiphase profiles. It includes the fundamental laws of diffusion, along with its equations and solutions. The article provides information on the series of applications that illustrate how various diffusional processes can be modeled.

This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which aluminum (Al) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The other elements are C, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Sb, Si, Ti, U, V and Zn. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 136 phase diagrams (liquidus projection, solidus projection, isothermal section, vertical section, and solvus projection).

This article discusses the application of thermodynamic in the form of phase diagrams for visually representing the state of a material and for understanding the solidification of alloys. It presents the derivation of the relationship between the Gibbs energy functions and phase diagrams, which forms the basis for the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) method. The article also discusses the calculation of phase diagrams and solidification by using the Scheil-Gulliver equation.

Alloy phase diagrams are useful for the development, fabrication, design and control of heat treatment procedures that will produce the required mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of new alloys. They are also useful in solving problems that arise in their performance in commercial applications, thus improving product predictability. This article describes different equilibrium phase diagrams (unary, binary, and ternary) and microstructures, description terms, and general principles of reading alloy phase diagrams. Further, the article discusses plotting schemes; areas in a phase diagram; and the position and shapes of the points, lines, surfaces, and intersections, which are controlled by thermodynamic principles and properties of all phases that comprise the system. It also illustrates the application of the stated principles with suitable phase diagrams.

Metallic nonelectrolytic alloy coatings produced from aqueous solutions are commercially used in several industries, including electronics, aerospace, medical, oil and gas production, chemical processing, and automotive. Nonelectrolytic coating systems use two types of reactions to deposit metal onto a part: electroless and displacement. This article explains the various types of electroless and dispersion alloy coating systems. It provides information on the processing of parts, process control, deposit analysis, and equipment used for coating nonelectrolytic displacement alloys. The article concludes with a discussion on the safety and environmental concerns associated with nonelectrolytic deposition processes.

The control of the solidification process of cast iron requires understanding and control of the thermodynamics of the liquid and solid phases and of the kinetics of their solidification, including nucleation and growth. This article addresses issues that allow for the determination of probability of formation and relative stability of various phases. These include the influence of temperature and composition on solubility of various elements in iron-base alloys; calculation of solubility lines, relevant to the construction of phase diagrams; and calculation of activity of various components. It discusses the role of alloying elements in terms of their influence on the activity of carbon, which provides information on the stability of the main carbon-rich phases of iron-carbon alloys, that is, graphite and cementite. The article reviews the carbon solubility in multicomponent systems, along with saturation degree and carbon equivalent.

This article addresses two issues on thermodynamics, namely, the calculation of solubility lines and the calculation of the activity of various components. It discusses alloying elements in terms of their influence on the activity of carbon. The article describes the desulfurization and deoxidation of cast iron and steel. It illustrates the thermodynamics of the iron-carbon system and the iron-silicon system. The article examines solubility and saturation degrees of carbon in multicomponent iron-carbon systems. One of the main applications of the thermodynamics of the iron-carbon system is the calculation of structure-composition correlations. The article concludes with information on the structural diagrams for cast iron: the Maurer diagram and the Laplanche diagram.

This article focuses on the industrial applications of phase diagrams. It presents examples to illustrate how a multicomponent phase diagram calculation can be readily useful for industrial applications. The article demonstrates how the integration of a phase diagram calculation with kinetic and microstructural evolution models greatly enhances the power of the CALPHAD approach in materials design and processing development. It also discusses the limitations of the CALPHAD approach.

Low-expansion alloys are materials with dimensions that do not change appreciably with temperature. Alloys included in this category are various binary iron-nickel alloys and several ternary alloys of iron combined with nickel-chromium, nickel-cobalt, or cobalt-chromium alloying. Low-expansion alloys are used in various applications such as rods and tapes for geodetic surveying, moving parts that require control of expansion (such as pistons for some internal-combustion engines), bimetal strip, components for electronic devices etc. This article discusses the properties, composition, and applications of iron-nickel low-expansion alloys (Invar), as well as other special alloys, including iron-nickel-chromium alloys, iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, iron-cobalt-chromium alloys, and high-strength, controlled-expansion alloys. It covers the factors affecting coefficient of thermal expansion of iron-nickel alloys, including heat treatment and cold drawing. Magnetic, physical, thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of iron-nickel alloys are also covered.