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Book Chapter

Carbon Fibers

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By Paul J. Walsh
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0009241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract The earliest commercial use of carbon fibers is often attributed to Thomas Edison's carbonization of cotton and bamboo fibers for incandescent lamp filaments. This article describes the manufacture of PAN-based carbon fibers and pitch-based carbon fibers. It discusses the properties...
Abstract
The earliest commercial use of carbon fibers is often attributed to Thomas Edison's carbonization of cotton and bamboo fibers for incandescent lamp filaments. This article describes the manufacture of PAN-based carbon fibers and pitch-based carbon fibers. It discusses the properties and characteristics of carbon fibers in terms of axial structure, transverse structure, and interfacial bonding. The article discusses the typical applications of carbon fibers, including aerospace and sporting goods. It concludes with a discussion on anticipated developments in carbon fibers.
View PDF for content titled, <span class="search-highlight">Carbon</span> <span class="search-highlight">Fibers</span>
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Carbon fibers in a carbon/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) laminate, following exposure to fire for an unknown time period. 780×

Carbon fibers in a carbon/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) laminate, following exposure t...

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in Fractography > Composites
Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 15 Carbon fibers in a carbon/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) laminate, following exposure to fire for an unknown time period. 780× More
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Log resistivity versus percent by weight of polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers...

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in Electrical Testing of Polymers > Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 5 Log resistivity versus percent by weight of polyacrylonitrile carbon fibers in nylon 6/6 and polycarbonate (PC) matrices. Source: Ref 36 More
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Increase in conductivity of carbon fibers with fiber modulus (heat treatmen...

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in Carbon-Carbon Composites > Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 5 Increase in conductivity of carbon fibers with fiber modulus (heat treatment temperature). These data have been collected by laboratory heat treatments of fibers and may differ from conductivity measured on commercially produced fibers. PAN, polyacrylonitrile More
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The conductivity of carbon fibers increases with fiber modulus (heat-treatm...

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in Fibers, Fabrics, and Reinforcements > Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 4 The conductivity of carbon fibers increases with fiber modulus (heat-treatment temperature). These data have been collected by laboratory heat treatments of fibers and may differ from conductivity measured on commercially produced fibers. More
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Cylinder showing the combined use of silica and carbon fibers

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in Fibers, Fabrics, and Reinforcements > Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 25 Cylinder showing the combined use of silica and carbon fibers More
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Scanning electron micrograph of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers. Sour...

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in Fundamentals of Polymer Additives > Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 3 Scanning electron micrograph of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers. Source: Ref 5 More
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Cylinder showing the combined use of silica and carbon fibers

Cylinder showing the combined use of silica and carbon fibers

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in Fabrics and Preforms > Composites
Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 5 Cylinder showing the combined use of silica and carbon fibers More
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The adhesion of the A-4 carbon fibers to the epoxy matrix, as quantified through single-fiber fragmentation tests. The fiber-matrix adhesion increases in the order AU-4 &gt; AS-4 &gt; AS-4C. AU-4 has the lowest level of adhesion and fails by a frictional debonding mode; AS- 4 has an intermediate level of adhesion and fails by an interfacial crack growth mode; AS-4C has the highest level of adhesion and fails by a matrix-cracking mode perpendicular to the fiber axis. Source: Ref 45

The adhesion of the A-4 carbon fibers to the epoxy matrix, as quantified th...

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in Interfaces and Interphases > Composites
Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 4 The adhesion of the A-4 carbon fibers to the epoxy matrix, as quantified through single-fiber fragmentation tests. The fiber-matrix adhesion increases in the order AU-4 &gt; AS-4 &gt; AS-4C. AU-4 has the lowest level of adhesion and fails by a frictional debonding mode; AS- 4 has More
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The strength of carbon fibers embedded in polymer matrices, in terms of fiber strains

The strength of carbon fibers embedded in polymer matrices, in terms of fib...

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in Characterizing Strength from a Structural Design Perspective > Composites
Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 2 The strength of carbon fibers embedded in polymer matrices, in terms of fiber strains More
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Complex-shaped carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic component. The fibers are ar...

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in Acoustic Microscopy[1] > Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12 Complex-shaped carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic component. The fibers are arranged to impart directional strength to certain critical areas of the sample. More
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Fibers in a fire-degraded carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic laminate. Original magnification: 1000×. Source: Ref 5; original courtesy of Ministry of Defence

Fibers in a fire-degraded carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic laminate. Origina...

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in Fractography of Polymer-Matrix Composites > Fractography
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 34 Fibers in a fire-degraded carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic laminate. Original magnification: 1000×. Source: Ref 5 ; original courtesy of Ministry of Defence More
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Voids in a high-fiber-volume unidirectional carbon fiber composite part. (a...

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in Void Analysis of Composite Materials[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 8 Voids in a high-fiber-volume unidirectional carbon fiber composite part. (a) Sectioned and polished perpendicular to the fiber direction. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective. (b) Sectioned and polished parallel to the fiber direction. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective More
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Lightning strike damage in a carbon fiber composite material showing fiber ...

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in Analysis of the Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 15 Lightning strike damage in a carbon fiber composite material showing fiber and matrix vaporization and degradation as well as microcracking. Bright-field illumination, 25× objective More
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Preferred fiber patterns for carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers

Preferred fiber patterns for carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers

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in Characterizing Strength from a Structural Design Perspective > Composites
Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 14 Preferred fiber patterns for carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers More
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Effect of fiber orientation on the strength of carbon-fiber/epoxy composite...

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in Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Composites > Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 9 Effect of fiber orientation on the strength of carbon-fiber/epoxy composites. Source: Ref 1 More
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Heat treating fixture made of carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon. Courtesy of G...

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in Gas Quenching > Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 23 Heat treating fixture made of carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon. Courtesy of Graphite Materials GmbH, Zirndorf More
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Unidirectional carbon fiber composite cross sections displaying carbon fibe...

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in Introduction—Composite Materials and Optical Microscopy[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 3 Unidirectional carbon fiber composite cross sections displaying carbon fiber types of similar strength and modulus but differing in fiber shape. (a) Cylindrical carbon fiber shape. Bright-field illumination, 50× objective. (b) Irregular bean-shaped fibers. Bright-field illumination, 25 More
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Laminate made with unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg and woven carbon fab...

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in Void Analysis of Composite Materials[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 2 Laminate made with unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg and woven carbon fabric prepreg plies. Voids are shown in the woven fabric area at the bottom of the composite part that was against the tool surface during cure. Bright-field illumination, 65 mm macrophotograph More
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Room-temperature mechanical properties of carbon-fiber/carbon-matrix (carbo...

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in Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Composites > Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 6 Room-temperature mechanical properties of carbon-fiber/carbon-matrix (carbonized resin/CVD carbon) composites (tensile hoop rings). Source: Ref 15 More