Skip Nav Destination
Close Modal
By
Masamoto Tafu, Takeshi Toshima
By
Bennett P. Boffardi
By
Vladimir Duz, Andrey Klevtsov, Viktor Sukhoplyuyev
By
Bert Moniz, Jack W. Horvath
By
David C. Silverman
By
Alexander D. Wilson
By
David A. Shifler, Robert B. Pond, Jr.
Search Results for
calcium salt
Update search
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
NARROW
Format
Topics
Book Series
Date
Availability
1-20 of 383
Search Results for calcium salt
Follow your search
Access your saved searches in your account
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?
1
Sort by
Book Chapter
Production of Dicalcium Phosphate with Controlled Morphology and Reactivity
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006884
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... Abstract Calcium phosphates react to form more stable salts in aqueous solutions. This phenomenon has been applied to the solidification process for the dental and medical cement calcium phosphate cement, which consists of multiple phases of calcium phosphates and calcium salts; solidification...
Abstract
Calcium phosphates react to form more stable salts in aqueous solutions. This phenomenon has been applied to the solidification process for the dental and medical cement calcium phosphate cement, which consists of multiple phases of calcium phosphates and calcium salts; solidification occurs by the formation of hydroxyapatite. Dicalcium phosphate consists of crystal water along with anhydrous and dihydrate salts. This article summarizes research achievements regarding dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) production with controlled morphology and reactivity, including effects of an additive and of production conditions on precipitation. It also summarizes achievements made in the hybridization of nano-apatite onto DCPD particles.
Image
Effect of sea salt (SS) and sodium sulfate mixture on calcium-magnesium-alu...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 32 Effect of sea salt (SS) and sodium sulfate mixture on calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate (CMAS) melting temperature in tests conducted in ambient air. Courtesy of U.S. Navy
More
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract The rate and form of corrosion that occur in a particular situation depend on many complex variables. This article discusses the rate of corrosion of lead in natural and domestic water depending on the degree of water hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts. Lead exhibits...
Abstract
The rate and form of corrosion that occur in a particular situation depend on many complex variables. This article discusses the rate of corrosion of lead in natural and domestic water depending on the degree of water hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts. Lead exhibits consistent durability in all types of atmospheric exposure, including industrial, rural, and marine. The article tabulates the corrosion of lead in various natural outdoor atmospheres and the corrosion of lead alloys in various soils. It explains the factors that influence in initiating or accelerating corrosion: galvanic coupling, differential aeration, alkalinity, and stray currents. The resistance of lead and lead alloys to corrosion by a wide variety of chemicals is attributed to the polarization of local anodes caused by the formation of a relatively insoluble surface film of lead corrosion products. The article also provides information on the corrosion rate of lead in chemical environments.
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 12 Bar graphs comparing fatigue crack growth rates at Δ K = 55 MPa m (50 ksi in . ) for conventional and calcium-treated A633C steels. CON, conventional; CaT, calcium treatment. The effect of testing frequency in salt water and steel quality is demonstrated.
More
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 13 Plots of n and C from the Paris fatigue crack propagation equation for A633C steels in salt water in conventional and calcium-treated quality levels and three testing orientations (LT, TL, SL). Comparison is made to overall scatterband of all carbon and alloy steels in air testing
More
Book Chapter
Corrosion Inhibitors in the Water Treatment Industry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003701
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... still contain dissolved matter. Removal of Hardness Ions The most troublesome dissolved materials that can have a negative impact on boiler operations are the hardness ions, calcium and magnesium. These ions, when concentrated, can form sparingly soluble salts (scales) and deposit on internal...
Abstract
The corrosion process that occurs in industrial systems is often difficult to discern until extensive deterioration has occurred. For boilers to function properly, the incoming water must be processed to meet the water quality required for the boiler. This article discusses pretreatment methods of the incoming water and preboiler corrosion protection methods. It analyzes internal treatment and condensate treatment of boilers. The article discusses three types of cooling systems: once-through systems, open recirculating systems, and closed recirculating systems. The corrosion processes which occur in water-recirculating systems and the effect of dissolved gases, temperature, pH, suspended solids, dissolved salts, and scale deposition on corrosivity of water, are also reviewed. The article also considers anodic and cathodic inhibitors and the control of corrosion in municipal water systems.
Book Chapter
Production of Titanium Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... the 1960s, several attempts have been made to use hydrogen to improve the efficiency of the reduction process (Polema-Tulachermet/ADMA Products, Inc.) ( Ref 3 ). The titanium powder is produced from titanium dioxide by a reduction reaction with calcium hydride: TiO 2 ( solid ) + 2 CaH 2...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium powder significantly improves the synthesis of titanium and its alloys.
Book Chapter
Nonferrous Casting—An Introduction
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005306
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... but commercially important segment of the nonferrous metal casting industry. Principal lead alloys and their areas of importance include Pb-60Sn (solders), antimony-lead and calcium-lead (battery grids), and Pb-7Sn (terne plating). The melting and casting of pure lead and foundry alloys pose fewer problems...
Abstract
This article reviews the melt processing and casting of non-ferrous alloys, such as nickel alloys, titanium alloys, and lead alloys. It describes the lead refining steps, namely, copper drossing, softening, desilvering, zinc removal, bismuth removal, and final refining.
Book Chapter
Chemical Cleaning and Cleaning-Related Corrosion of Process Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., Incoloy 800, soft metals Buffered aqua ammonia+oxidizer; ammoniated citric or EDTA salts+oxidizer 50–65 120–150 Copper alloys, soft metals Water scale, mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 5–15% HCl 50–65 120–150 Stainless steels, Incoloy 800, soft metals 7–20% sulfamic acid 50–65 120–150...
Abstract
This article describes the eight chemical cleaning methods, namely, circulation, fill and soak, cascade, foam, vapor-phase organic, steam-injected, on-line chemical, and mechanical cleaning. It presents information on deposit types, solvents used to remove them, and construction material incompatibilities in a table. The article summarizes the uses of chemical cleaning solutions, including hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfamic acid, as well as the additives used to neutralize their impact on corrosion. It discusses the chemical cleaning procedures, including selection of cleaning method and solvent, documentation of cleaning, and corrosion monitoring in chemical cleaning.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... deposition are the worst of this kind. A third corrosive source is gaseous pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide, which still is a factor to consider in so-called emerging markets. The salt type most widely used for wintertime deicing in the cold markets is sodium chloride. Some calcium chloride is often...
Abstract
Complete vehicle accelerated corrosion testing on the proving ground is a mandatory testing tool among vehicle manufacturers around the globe. This article focuses on creating some awareness of the difficulty in applying reliable corrosion tests for all corrosion-sensitive automotive systems at once. It describes the various factors for a complete vehicle testing, including wear from road grit, dirt, salt load, elevated temperatures, and mechanical effects such as chafing and fretting. The article discusses the four main test blocks, namely, driving sequence on various proving ground tracks, exposure of the vehicle in one or more ways to road deicing salts, static exposure to forced climatic conditions, and additional elements such as operating the mechanical systems of the vehicle, car washes, and so forth. It concludes with information on the major advantages and drawbacks of a full-service-life test.
Book Chapter
Simulated Service Corrosion Testing in Water
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... alloys over the pH range of 4 to 10 show little effect of pH. Outside this range, that is, 0 to 4 and 10 to 14, the environment cannot technically be considered water, except for some highly unusual acid rain cases. Increasing temperatures sometimes precipitate protective salts, such as calcium carbonate...
Abstract
Simulated service testing includes exposures of either structural components or test specimens in environments that are representative of many general service situations. This article discusses the selection criteria of test specimens and methods of assessing the corrosion effects. The ASTM International and NACE International standards that are directly or indirectly applicable to simulated service corrosion testing in water are tabulated. The article also describes the effects of variable concentrations of dissolved carbonates, such as calcium, magnesium, and/or sodium, in water on corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006070
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... the dissociation of chloride-containing salts, such as sodium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides. Chlorides from deicing salts are prevalent on roads and bridges in cold climates. Chloride salts from sodium and calcium chloride road deicing salts are prevalent on bridges in the splash zone over a road deck...
Abstract
Soluble salts on a surface can affect a steel substrate or coating in two principal ways: corrosion acceleration and osmotic blistering. This article provides a detailed discussion on the mechanisms for each of these deleterious effects. It describes the most detrimental anions with regard to corrosion, namely, chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates, and provides information on recognition and testing of the presence of soluble salts. The salt-measurement techniques and commercially available equipment are also described. The article provides information on research regarding tolerable levels of salts beneath coatings. The information shows that there appears to be a threshold limit to the salt contamination that a given coating/coating system can tolerate in a given environment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... is the calcium disodium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. The calcium salt must be used clinically because the sodium salt has greater affinity for calcium and will produce hypocalcemic tetany. However, the calcium salt will bind lead with displacement of calcium from the chelate. It is poorly absorbed...
Abstract
Metal contamination of the environment reflects both natural sources and industrial activity, affecting human health. This article begins with a discussion on the level of metal exposure resulting in toxicological effects, the factors influencing toxicity of metals, and carcinogenicity of metal compounds. It discusses some commonly used chelating agents for treating metal intoxication, and clinical effectiveness in treating poisoning by different metals. The metals discussed are grouped into four categories: (1) major toxic metals with multiple effects, including arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel; (2) essential metals with potential for toxicity, including cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc; (3) metals with toxicity related to medical therapy, including aluminum, bismuth, gallium, gold, lithium, and platinum; and (4) minor toxic metals, including antimony, barium, indium, magnesium, silver, tellurium, thallium, tin, titanium, uranium, and vanadium. The main factors included in the discussion are their disposition, toxicity, biological factors and treatment.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Environmental Performance of Nonmetallic Materials
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... and alkali, reaction between lime and calcium aluminate in the paste and sulfates in alkaline soil, reaction with soluble salts in seawater, and reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical mechanisms include hydraulic pressure caused by freeze/thaw cycles, osmotic pressure caused by differences...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the environmental performance of the most commonly used nonmetallic materials, including elastomers, plastics, thermosetting resins, resin-matrix composites, organic coatings, concrete, refractories, and ceramics. It also discusses the applications and uses of these materials.
Book Chapter
Fracture and Fatigue Properties of Structural Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... and calcium-treated A633C steels. CON, conventional; CaT, calcium treatment. The effect of testing frequency in salt water and steel quality is demonstrated. Fig. 13 Plots of n and C from the Paris fatigue crack propagation equation for A633C steels in salt water in conventional and calcium...
Abstract
This article provides information on fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth of structural steels. It describes fatigue life behavior in terms of unnotched fatigue limits, notch effects, axial strain-life fatigue, and mean stress effects. The article analyzes the mechanisms of corrosion fatigue crack initiation and prevention of corrosion fatigue. It presents case histories of fatigue failure of various steel components. The article reviews the failure of coiled tubing in a drilling application and the failure of coiled tubing due to hydrogen sulfide exposure, with examples.
Book Chapter
Engineering Tables: Ceramics and Glasses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003004
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...–9 7.3–8.2 Ceramic colors Table 3 Ceramic colors Color Fired under oxidizing conditions Fired under reducing conditions White Aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, arsenic oxide, calcium borate, cerium compounds, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, silver, tin oxide, titanium...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of engineering property data in tabulated form for ceramics and glasses. Data are provided for physical and mechanical properties of ceramic materials and color of ceramics fired under oxidizing and reducing conditions. The article also lists the materials characterization techniques for ceramics and glasses.
Book Chapter
High-Temperature Corrosion-Related Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... oxidation, carburization, metal dusting, nitridation, carbonitridation, sulfidation, and chloridation. Several other potential degradation processes, namely hot corrosion, hydrogen interactions, molten salts, aging, molten sand, erosion-corrosion, and environmental cracking, are discussed under boiler tube...
Abstract
High-temperature corrosion can occur in numerous environments and is affected by various parameters such as temperature, alloy and protective coating compositions, stress, time, and gas composition. This article discusses the primary mechanisms of high-temperature corrosion, namely oxidation, carburization, metal dusting, nitridation, carbonitridation, sulfidation, and chloridation. Several other potential degradation processes, namely hot corrosion, hydrogen interactions, molten salts, aging, molten sand, erosion-corrosion, and environmental cracking, are discussed under boiler tube failures, molten salts for energy storage, and degradation and failures in gas turbines. The article describes the effects of environment on aero gas turbine engines and provides an overview of aging, diffusion, and interdiffusion phenomena. It also discusses the processes involved in high-temperature coatings that improve performance of superalloy.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... from 200 to 500. Sulfonate, salicylate, and carboxylate detergents are commercially available as calcium and magnesium salts. Phenate detergents are available as calcium salts, and phosphonate detergents are available as barium salts only. Basic calcium sulfonates constitute 65% of the total...
Abstract
This article focuses on lubricants classified as either internal combustion engine or nonengine lubricants, and the lubricant additives. The functional groups of chemically active and inert additives, as well as friction modifiers and other additives, are described in detail. The chemically active additives include dispersants, detergents, antiwear, and extreme-pressure agents, oxidation inhibitors, and rust and corrosion inhibitors. The chemically inert additives include emulsifiers, demulsifiers, pour-point depressants, foam inhibitors, and viscosity improvers. The article also discusses the multifunctional nature of additives and concludes with information on lubricant formulation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005929
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... are not contaminated with cyanides, organic compounds, or water. Medium-temperature (650 to1000 °C, or 1200 to 1830 °F) neutral baths that are binary or ternary mixtures of the following salts: potassium chloride, sodium chloride, barium chloride, or calcium chloride (see Table 1 for two typical examples...
Abstract
This article provides information on the salt baths used for a variety of heat treatments, including heating, quenching, interrupted quenching (austempering and martempering), case hardening, and tempering. It describes two general types of salt bath systems for steel hardening: the first type uses atmosphere austenitizing followed by salt quench and the second type employs austenitizing salt baths with rapid transfer to the quench salt. The article provides a detailed account on the construction, advantages and disadvantages, and limitations of isothermal quenching furnaces, submerged-electrode furnaces, immersed-electrode furnaces, and externally heated furnaces. It discusses the important applications of various furnace designs, including the austempering of ductile iron, the hardening of tool steels, and the isothermal annealing of high-alloy steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... composition, and case depth, and presents examples that relate dimensional change to several shapes that vary in complexity. It also provides information on the quenchant removal and salt removal processes, lists the applications of liquid carburizing in cyanide baths, and discusses the process and importance...
Abstract
This article describes the uses of the liquid carburizing process carried out in low and high temperature cyanide-containing baths, and details the noncyanide liquid carburizing process which can be accomplished in a bath containing a special grade of carbon. It presents a simple formula for estimating total case depth, and illustrates the influence of carburizing temperature, duration of carburizing, quenching temperature, and quenching medium with the aid of typical hardness gradients. The article provides information on controlling of cyaniding time and temperature, bath composition, and case depth, and presents examples that relate dimensional change to several shapes that vary in complexity. It also provides information on the quenchant removal and salt removal processes, lists the applications of liquid carburizing in cyanide baths, and discusses the process and importance of cyanide waste disposal in detail.
1