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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006884
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... Abstract Calcium phosphates react to form more stable salts in aqueous solutions. This phenomenon has been applied to the solidification process for the dental and medical cement calcium phosphate cement, which consists of multiple phases of calcium phosphates and calcium salts; solidification...
Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 32 Effect of sea salt (SS) and sodium sulfate mixture on calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate (CMAS) melting temperature in tests conducted in ambient air. Courtesy of U.S. Navy More
Book Chapter

By Safaa J. Alhassan
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract The rate and form of corrosion that occur in a particular situation depend on many complex variables. This article discusses the rate of corrosion of lead in natural and domestic water depending on the degree of water hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts. Lead exhibits...
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 12 Bar graphs comparing fatigue crack growth rates at Δ K = 55 MPa m (50 ksi in . ) for conventional and calcium-treated A633C steels. CON, conventional; CaT, calcium treatment. The effect of testing frequency in salt water and steel quality is demonstrated. More
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 13 Plots of n and C from the Paris fatigue crack propagation equation for A633C steels in salt water in conventional and calcium-treated quality levels and three testing orientations (LT, TL, SL). Comparison is made to overall scatterband of all carbon and alloy steels in air testing More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003701
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... still contain dissolved matter. Removal of Hardness Ions The most troublesome dissolved materials that can have a negative impact on boiler operations are the hardness ions, calcium and magnesium. These ions, when concentrated, can form sparingly soluble salts (scales) and deposit on internal...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... the 1960s, several attempts have been made to use hydrogen to improve the efficiency of the reduction process (Polema-Tulachermet/ADMA Products, Inc.) ( Ref 3 ). The titanium powder is produced from titanium dioxide by a reduction reaction with calcium hydride: TiO 2 ( solid ) + 2 CaH 2...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005306
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... but commercially important segment of the nonferrous metal casting industry. Principal lead alloys and their areas of importance include Pb-60Sn (solders), antimony-lead and calcium-lead (battery grids), and Pb-7Sn (terne plating). The melting and casting of pure lead and foundry alloys pose fewer problems...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., Incoloy 800, soft metals Buffered aqua ammonia+oxidizer; ammoniated citric or EDTA salts+oxidizer 50–65 120–150 Copper alloys, soft metals Water scale, mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 5–15% HCl 50–65 120–150 Stainless steels, Incoloy 800, soft metals 7–20% sulfamic acid 50–65 120–150...
Book Chapter

By Mats Ström
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... deposition are the worst of this kind. A third corrosive source is gaseous pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide, which still is a factor to consider in so-called emerging markets. The salt type most widely used for wintertime deicing in the cold markets is sodium chloride. Some calcium chloride is often...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... alloys over the pH range of 4 to 10 show little effect of pH. Outside this range, that is, 0 to 4 and 10 to 14, the environment cannot technically be considered water, except for some highly unusual acid rain cases. Increasing temperatures sometimes precipitate protective salts, such as calcium carbonate...
Book Chapter

By Kenneth B. Tator
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006070
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... the dissociation of chloride-containing salts, such as sodium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides. Chlorides from deicing salts are prevalent on roads and bridges in cold climates. Chloride salts from sodium and calcium chloride road deicing salts are prevalent on bridges in the splash zone over a road deck...
Book Chapter

By Robert A. Goyer
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... is the calcium disodium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. The calcium salt must be used clinically because the sodium salt has greater affinity for calcium and will produce hypocalcemic tetany. However, the calcium salt will bind lead with displacement of calcium from the chelate. It is poorly absorbed...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003840
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... and alkali, reaction between lime and calcium aluminate in the paste and sulfates in alkaline soil, reaction with soluble salts in seawater, and reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Physical mechanisms include hydraulic pressure caused by freeze/thaw cycles, osmotic pressure caused by differences...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... and calcium-treated A633C steels. CON, conventional; CaT, calcium treatment. The effect of testing frequency in salt water and steel quality is demonstrated. Fig. 13 Plots of n and C from the Paris fatigue crack propagation equation for A633C steels in salt water in conventional and calcium...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003004
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...–9 7.3–8.2 Ceramic colors Table 3 Ceramic colors Color Fired under oxidizing conditions Fired under reducing conditions White Aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, arsenic oxide, calcium borate, cerium compounds, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, silver, tin oxide, titanium...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... oxidation, carburization, metal dusting, nitridation, carbonitridation, sulfidation, and chloridation. Several other potential degradation processes, namely hot corrosion, hydrogen interactions, molten salts, aging, molten sand, erosion-corrosion, and environmental cracking, are discussed under boiler tube...
Book Chapter

By Ewa A. Bardasz
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... from 200 to 500. Sulfonate, salicylate, and carboxylate detergents are commercially available as calcium and magnesium salts. Phenate detergents are available as calcium salts, and phosphonate detergents are available as barium salts only. Basic calcium sulfonates constitute 65% of the total...
Book Chapter

By W. James Laird, Jr.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005929
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... are not contaminated with cyanides, organic compounds, or water. Medium-temperature (650 to1000 °C, or 1200 to 1830 °F) neutral baths that are binary or ternary mixtures of the following salts: potassium chloride, sodium chloride, barium chloride, or calcium chloride (see Table 1 for two typical examples...
Book Chapter

By Jon Dossett
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... composition, and case depth, and presents examples that relate dimensional change to several shapes that vary in complexity. It also provides information on the quenchant removal and salt removal processes, lists the applications of liquid carburizing in cyanide baths, and discusses the process and importance...