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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... describes the classification of materials characterization methods including, bulk elemental characterization, bulk structural characterization, microstructural characterization, and surface characterization. Further, the article reviews the selection of materials characterization methods most commonly used...
Book Chapter

By K.H. Eckelmeyer
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract X-ray diffraction (XRD) is the most extensively used method for identifying and characterizing various aspects of metals related to the arrangements and spacings of their atoms for bulk structural analysis. XRD techniques are also applicable to ceramics, geologic materials, and most...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003788
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., their characteristics and sample preparation procedures. It reviews the methods pertaining to the microstructural examination of bulk magnetic materials, including microscopy techniques specified to magnetic materials characterization, with specific examples. The techniques used in the study of magnetic domain...
Book Chapter

By Wei-Kan Chu
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Abstract Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is a major materials characterization technique that can provide information in a short analysis time. It is used for quantitative compositional analysis of thin films, layered structures, or bulk materials and to measure surface impurities...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... characterization The macro, micro, and surface composition and structure of materials are determined by their processing and service histories. These conditions, in turn, control material properties and performance. Characterization of a material’s composition and structure at these levels provides important...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006670
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
..., fabrication methods, sample preparation, bulk/elemental characterization methods, microstructural characterization methods, surface characterization methods, and electronic characterization methods. semiconductor characterization Introduction This article introduces various techniques commonly...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
...) Quantitative analysis (precision of +20% relative standard deviation) Macroanalysis or bulk analysis Microanalysis (≤10 μm) Surface analysis Major component (>10 wt%) Minor component (0.1–10 wt%) Trace component (1–1000 ppm, or 0.0001–0.1 wt%) Structure Morphology Atomic force microscopy N...
Book Chapter

By Bo Hu
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006649
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... on the important properties to characterize powders, namely the particle size, surface area, density, porosity, particle hardness, compressibility, green strength, and flowability. For characterization of powders, both individual particles and bulk powders are used to evaluate their physical and chemical...
Book Chapter

By R.E. Whan, K.H. Eckelmeyer, S.H. Weissman
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001726
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... in article for details; N or † = limited number of elements or groups; S or * = under special conditions; D = after dissolution Method Elem Speciation Iso/Mass Qual Semiquant Quant Macro/Bulk Micro Surface Major Minor Trace Compound/Phase Structure Morphology AAS D D D D D...
Book Chapter

By Craig B. Dallam, Brian K. Damkroger
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... The article discusses nondestructive evaluation of welds by encompassing techniques that are used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. It reviews the macrostructural characterization...
Book Chapter

By K.H. Eckelmeyer
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003252
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... Identifying microstructural phases and compounds by their crystal structures Characterizing preferred crystallographic orientations by analysis of orientations of individual grains Spatial Resolution Secondary electron imaging of surface topography: ∼10 nm Backscattered electron imaging...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006671
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
...: The means for characterizing ceramics and glasses and the corresponding rationale behind them The relationship of chemistry, phases, and microconstituents to engineering properties The effects that the structure of raw ceramic materials and green (unfired) products and processing parameters have...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006465
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... residual stresses overcome local material strength. They present as either distributed cracks along a melt pool path that tend to follow grain boundaries, as in Fig. 3 , or structural cracks formed in the bulk from cumulative residual stresses produced in each layer. Dissimilar materials can also...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006970
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... aluminum alloy in AM due to its processability, corrosion resistance, and specific strength ( Ref 2 ). While such alloys have been widely studied and characterized, achieving higher mechanical properties in AM is necessary to make them commercially attractive. However, high-strength aerospace structural...
Book Chapter

By M. Clara Wright
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... information can be used to qualitatively characterize the transferred plating. There is a trade-off between analysis at lower accelerating voltage and obtaining enough counts for generating adequate spectra. In semiquantitative EDS analysis at the micro level it is useful to first obtain a bulk area...
Book Chapter

By Dehua Yang
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006675
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
.... A quick reference summary of surface-analysis methods is presented in this article. atomic force microscopy scanning probe microscopy surface layers surface analysis THIS DIVISION, “Surface Analysis,” is a new addition in Materials Characterization , Volume 10 of ASM Handbook (2019...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
...: graphical presentations of a measured friction or wear quantity as a function of operational parameters or structural parameters Transition diagrams: characterize critical conditions of operational parameters that separate regimes of efficient performance for a given tribosystem from regimes...
Book Chapter

By Dhruv Bhate, Devlin Hayduke
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006951
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... of a feature does not ensure its dimensional accuracy. Machine tolerances for dimensions that are typically acceptable at bulk scales become significant sources of error at small scales, which can have large effects on behavior. Given the complex three-dimensional (3D) geometries of most architected structures...
Book Chapter

By Lawrence T. Drzal
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003374
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... selection of surface treatments for surface structural and chemical modification; the use of surface finishes and/or sizes to ensure thorough wetting and protection of the fiber; creation of interphases with desirable stiffness, toughness, and failure modes; and quantitative and qualitative characterization...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
..., for example, 30 μm can affect the structural integrity and mechanical properties. Thus, being able to quantify powder porosity is essential for quality control of powder-based AM processes and understanding the formation mechanism of porosity in AM parts. Unlike defects in bulk, due to the limited...