Fig. 19 Effect of plate-buckling index and temperature on the structural efficiency of magnesium, aluminum, and titanium alloys. See text for discussion. More

Fig. 1 Buckling coefficient for plate under uniaxial compression More

Fig. 2 Normalized buckling coefficient as function of percentage of ±45° plies. [±45/0/90] family laminate, square ( a/b = 1). Uniaxial compressive load More

Fig. 3 Carpet plot of normalized buckling coefficient. [±45/0/90] family laminate with a/b = 0.25. Solid lines indicate different %0° plies. Dashed line is limit of 90° ply = 0%. (%90°= 100%–% 0°–%45°) More

Fig. 4 Shear buckling coefficient for various graphite/ epoxy laminates More

Fig. 5 Normalized buckling load for [0/90] ns and [90/0] ns laminates as a function of number of ply groups More

Fig. 7 Buckling load coefficient as a function of number of ply groups for a [±45] ns laminate with a/b = 1 More

Fig. 9 Axial compression buckling coefficient as a function of width-to-thickness ratio ( b/t ) for a thick graphite/epoxy quasi-isotropic plate with a/b = 1 More

Fig. 10 Shear buckling coefficient as a function of width-to-thickness ratio ( b/t ) for a thick graphite/epoxy quasi-isotropic plate with a/b = 1 More

Fig. 30 Schematic of the Yoshida buckling test. Source: Ref 67 More

Fig. 3 Die designs to overcome buckling of the blank. (a) Enclosed upset. (b) Cone-shaped cavity punch. (c) Sliding cone-shaped cavity die More

Fig. 1 Modes of deformation in compression. (a) Buckling, when L / D > 5. (b) Shearing, when L / D > 2.5. (c) Double barreling, when L / D > 2.0 and friction is present at the contact surfaces. (d) Barreling, when L / D < 2.0 and friction is present at the contact surfaces More

Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of side-slip buckling. The original position of the specimen centerline is indicated by the dashed line. More

Fig. 3 Lateral-torsional buckling of an I-beam More

Fig. 18 Schematic of buckling failure of a thin sheet in a riveted joint. Countersinking the top sheet formed a sharp edge at the faying surface. More

Fig. 18 Schematic of buckling failure of a thin sheet in a riveted joint. Countersinking the top sheet formed a sharp edge at the faying surface. More

Fig. 44 Schematic of buckling of front face of bumper More

Fig. 24 Micrographs showing the buckling within a failed bucket. A sink mark within the sidewall is also illustrated. More

Fig. 2 Center buckles in repetitive, elongated pattern. Similar, but usually rounder displacements, are called oil-can buckles. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 3 Center buckles in a random pattern. Source: Ref 1 More