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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on ten rules for the effective production of reliable castings. These rules include good-quality melt, liquid front damage, liquid front stop, bubble damage, core blows, shrinkage damage, convection damage, segregation, residual stress, and location...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on ten rules for the effective production of reliable castings. These rules include good-quality melt, liquid front damage, liquid front stop, bubble damage, core blows, shrinkage damage, convection damage, segregation, residual stress, and location points.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006384
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... breakdown, noise, vibration, and particularly erosion ( Ref 7 ), which is the subject of this article. This article is devoted to damage induced by only the mechanical action of the collapsing bubbles without any additional electrochemical effect, as may be the case in corrosive environments...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of cavitation erosion with a specific focus on the estimation of mass loss. It describes the mechanisms of cavitation erosion and the types of laboratory devices to evaluate the resistance to cavitation erosion of materials. The laboratory devices include rotating disks, vibratory devices, cavitating liquid jets, and high-speed cavitation tunnels. The article discusses materials selection and surface protection to prevent cavitation erosion. It reviews the fluid-structure interaction that plays a role in cavitation erosion particularly for compliant materials. The article provides information on the numerical prediction of cavitation erosion damage by the finite element method (FEM).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... it enters the gate. The use of the tangential filter ingate is recommended ( Fig. 8 ). This is a novel but simple geometry in which the filter is placed tangentially (parallel) to the flow, so that bubbles do not build up against its surface (eventually bursting through the filter and damaging the casting...
Abstract
Gray cast iron is one of the most tolerant of metals when used with poorly designed filling systems. Good filling systems are necessary for the production of sound and acceptable ductile iron castings. This article presents an outline description of well-designed filling systems for all varieties of cast iron and all varieties of molds. It discusses the general conditions for the filling system layout, including the downsprue, sprue/runner junction, and runner. Both gray cast iron and compacted graphite iron exhibit a growth of graphite in direct contact with the liquid metal. The article concludes with a discussion on feeding of ductile iron.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
.... However, any helium produced can affect the properties; it is relatively insoluble in metals and will therefore be incorporated into the bubbles or voids that can form within the matrix and on grain boundaries and precipitate interfaces. The displacement damage formed in fusion and fission reactors...
Abstract
Damage to steels from neutron irradiation affects the properties of steels and is an important factor in the design of safe and economical components for fission and fusion reactors. This article discusses the effects of high-energy neutrons on steels. The effects of damage caused by neutron irradiation include swelling (volume increase), irradiation hardening, and irradiation embrittlement (the influence of irradiation hardening on fracture toughness). These effects are primarily associated with high-energy (greater than 0.1 MeV) neutrons. Consequently, irradiation damage from neutrons is of considerable importance in fast reactors, which produce a significant flux of high-energy neutrons during operation. Irradiation embrittlement must also be considered in the development of ferritic steels for fast reactors and fusion reactors. Although ferritic steels are more resistant to swelling than austenitic steels, irradiation may have a more critical effect on the mechanical properties of ferritic steels.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... is a kind of flat bubble that is more like a crack. Whereas the bubble is visible, the bifilm is usually so thin that it is invisible and only detected under a good microscope. Both can be exceedingly damaging to the quality of a casting. The critical fall distance (the fall distance under gravity at which...
Abstract
This article introduces filling and feeding concepts from the general perspective of what constitutes a good casting practice. It briefly reviews the concepts that may help to clarify and quantify objectives for more effective mold-filling designs. The article describes the preprimed filling system through various partial solutions to the prepriming approach. It discusses the six individual parts of the naturally pressurized filling system, namely, offset stepped pouring basin, sprue, sprue/runner junction, runner, gates, and feeding via feeders. The article also lists the key features of the system.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... pressure, the bubbles can collapse suddenly. This collapse can cause surface damage through shock waves and microjets. Shock Waves Surrounding liquid that fills the cavity may have very high speed. When the cavity is reduced to a smaller dimension, pressure in the cavity is so high and the liquid...
Abstract
This article considers two mechanisms of cavitation failure: those for ductile materials and those for brittle materials. It examines the different stages of cavitation erosion. The article explains various cavitation failures including cavitation in bearings, centrifugal pumps, and gearboxes. It provides information on the cavitation resistance of materials and other prevention parameters. The article describes two American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for the evaluation of erosion and cavitation, namely, ASTM Standard G 32 and ASTM Standard G 73. It concludes with a discussion on correlations between laboratory results and service.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Wear Failures Erosive wear occurs in many situations where a large number of small solid or liquid particles impact against a surface or where the collapse of gas-filled bubbles in a cavitating liquid causes surface damage. Some examples of erosive wear failures are given in the following sections...
Abstract
Erosion occurs as the result of a number of different mechanisms, depending on the composition, size, and shape of the eroding particles; their velocity and angle of impact; and the composition of the surface being eroded. This article describes the erosion of ductile and brittle materials with the aid of models and equations. It presents three examples of erosive wear failures, namely, abrasive erosion, erosion-corrosion, and cavitation erosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... COATINGS ARE COMPLEX COMBINATIONS of raw materials that must be mixed, applied to a prepared substrate, and dried and cured correctly to perform to their maximum capability. They must be able to be applied in diverse environmental conditions and then be expected to protect the substrate from the damaging...
Abstract
Coatings, such as those applied to ships, must be resistant to abrasion, in the case of cargo hold coatings, and cyclic changes of chemicals and tank cleaning, in the case of tank linings. Failures and defects can manifest themselves at various times in the life of a coating. To determine the cause and mechanism of coating failure, all possible contributory factors must be evaluated together with a detailed history from the time of application to the time the failure was first noted. Many coating failures require further evaluation and analysis to be carried out by a qualified chemist or coating specialist, often using specialized laboratory equipment. The article presents examples of coating failures and defects, together with descriptions, probable causes, and suggested preventative measures.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003542
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... for those defects produced by contact damage. Examples include bubbles and crystalline inclusions in glasses, and pores, large-grained regions, and microcracks in polycrystalline ceramics. Although pores are not as effective in concentrating stresses as cracks, they are a frequent cause of failure...
Abstract
Fractography is the means and methods for characterizing a fractured specimen or component. This includes the examination of fracture-exposed surfaces and the interpretation of the fracture markings as well as the examination and interpretation of crack patterns. This article describes the former of these two parts of fractography. It presents the techniques of fractography and explains fracture markings using glass and ceramic examples. The article also discusses the fracture modes in ceramics and provides examples of fracture origins.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... cavitation damage can occur without active corrosion. Cavitation principally occurs when relative motion between a metal surface and a liquid environment causes vapor bubbles to appear. When the bubbles collapse, they impose hammerlike blows simultaneously with the initiation of tearing action, which appears...
Abstract
Erosion is the progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, an impinging liquid, or impinging solid particles. The detrimental effects of erosion have caused problems in a number of industries. This article describes the processes involved in erosion of ductile materials, brittle materials, and elastomers. Some examples of erosive wear failures are given on abrasive erosion, liquid impingement erosion, cavitation, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the article provides information on the selection of materials for applications in which erosive wear failures can occur.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract This article discusses the tests designed specifically to evaluate the adhesion, friction, and wear behavior of various material systems. It tabulates the characteristics of common types of wear and mechanical surface damage. The article also considers the displaying and analyzing...
Abstract
This article discusses the tests designed specifically to evaluate the adhesion, friction, and wear behavior of various material systems. It tabulates the characteristics of common types of wear and mechanical surface damage. The article also considers the displaying and analyzing of adhesion, friction, and wear test data. It concludes with a description of devices used for testing adhesion, friction, and wear.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006880
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... (machining or contact damage). Examples include bubbles and solid inclusions in glasses, pores or voids, large-grained regions, and microcracks in polycrystalline ceramics. Although pores are not as effective as cracks in concentrating stresses, they are a frequent cause of failure in polycrystalline...
Abstract
Fractography is the means and methods for characterizing a fractured specimen or component. This includes the examination of fracture-exposed surfaces and the interpretation of the fracture markings, and the examination and interpretation of crack patterns. This article deals primarily with the first of these two parts of fractography. Techniques of fractography are presented, fracture markings are explained using glass and ceramic examples, fracture modes in ceramics are discussed, and examples of fracture origins are given.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006134
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... from the filtration system. Cleaning service organizations determine the best method to clean the part without damage, based on testing and experience. After the part is cleaned, the cleaning solutions must be thoroughly flushed and dried. Visual inspection, bubble-point testing, weight testing...
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001226
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... and polishing compounds prior to plating operations, and cleaning greases and sludge from rebuilt components for automotive and aircraft applications. Ultrasonic cleaning is powerful enough to remove tough contaminants, yet gentle enough not to damage the substrate. It provides excellent penetration...
Abstract
Ultrasonic cleaning involves the use of high-frequency sound waves that is above the upper range of human heating, or about 18 kHz, to remove a variety of contaminants from parts immersed in aqueous media. This article describes the process, design considerations and the equipment in ultrasonic cleaning. The components used in the generation of ultrasonic wave include piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers that are used in ultrasonic generators and tanks. The effects of solution type and its temperature on the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... coating thickness is an important aspect of quality. Excessively thick coatings are undesirable, because they are susceptible to mechanical damage. Extremely thin coatings are also undesirable. Porcelain enamels normally contain some very minute discontinuities in the form of entrapped gas bubbles. When...
Abstract
Porcelain enamel is a fusion bonded glass coating that resists chemical and abrasive attack, provides thermal and electrical insulation, and improves aesthetic qualities. It is used on cast iron as well as steel and aluminum alloys. This article provides a review of the porcelain enameling process, the composition of frits, and the preparation of coating substrates. It also provides information on chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties and sheds light on process consistency and quality control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006860
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... constructs ( Ref 10 – 12 ), but it also resulted in the commercialization of specialized printers such as Poietis ( Ref 13 ). Due to its orifice-free printing nature, LIFT can print highly viscous bioinks with minimized cell damage during printing, meaning that it is a feasible printing modality for high...
Abstract
The use of 3D bioprinting techniques has contributed to the development of novel cellular patterns and constructs in vitro, ex vivo, and even in vivo. There are three main bioprinting techniques: inkjet printing, extrusion printing (also known as bioextrusion), laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) printing, which is also known as modified LIFT printing, matrix-assisted pulsed-laser evaporation direct write, and laser-based printing (laser-assisted bioprinting, or biological laser printing). This article provides an overview of the LIFT process, including the LIFT process introduction, different implementations, jetting dynamics, printability phase diagrams, and printing process simulations. Additionally, materials involved during LIFT are introduced in terms of bioink materials and energy-absorbing layer materials. Also, the printing of single cells and 2D and 3D constructs is introduced, showcasing the current state of the art with the ultimate goal for tissue- and organ-printing applications.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006847
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... thoroughly before any attempt is made to strip it from the fracture surface. Heating of the film is not recommended, because this may cause the formation of a solvent vapor bubble, followed by rupture of the film when the bubble bursts. After drying, if necessary for the replication media, the replica...
Abstract
The introduction of focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy in the 1990s added the capability of studying fracture surfaces in the third dimension and making site-specific and stress-free transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimens in situ. This article reviews the methods for preparing replicas and the site-specific FIB thin-foil preparation technique. It provides an overview of FIB-TEM specimen preparation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... NOT to alter the original surface. Retain some of the contamination/corrosion product for later analysis. Agitation in an ultrasonic bath can help the cleaning process. Caution: Very soft materials may be damaged by the collapse of air bubbles adjacent to the part surface (cavitation). The sequence...
Abstract
Visual examination, using the unaided eye or a low-power optical magnifier, is typically one of the first steps in a failure investigation. This article presents the guidelines for selecting samples for scanning electron microscope examination and optical metallography and for cleaning fracture surfaces. It discusses damage characterization of metals, covering various factors that influence the damage, namely stress, aggressive environment, temperature, and discontinuities.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009072
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... that can be used to document the sections is to take a digital photograph of the composite material and then organize the sections. Figure 2 shows a composite part that was damaged and removed from an aircraft for analysis. After the documentation, the labeling of composite materials is best performed...
Abstract
This article describes how composite specimens are sectioned, documented, and labeled during sample preparation. The mounting procedures for the specimen are summarized. The article explains sample clamping, which involves not mounting the specimens using an adhesive or casting resin and corresponds to clamped samples used in automated polishing heads. It details that cavity molds involve mounting the composite specimens using a casting resin in a preset mold. The article also discusses the mounting of composite materials for hand polishing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003631
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... such rusting on the underside of a tube from a different fluidized-bed combustor. This rusting indicates that erosion occurred in a uniform zone around the bottom of the tube, up to the 9 o'clock position. Fig. 2 Carbon steel heat-transfer tube from a fluidized bed that was damaged by erosion...
Abstract
Mechanically assisted degradation of metals is defined as any type of degradation that involves a corrosion mechanism and a wear or fatigue mechanism. This article provides a discussion on the mechanisms of five forms of degradation: erosion, fretting corrosion, fretting fatigue, cavitation and water drop impingement, and corrosion fatigue. It describes the factors affecting the severity of fretting corrosion. The article also illustrates the relationship between corrosion fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking.
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