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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002418
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract The design of structural components with nominally brittle materials is largely determined by their elastic moduli, density, and tensile strength. This article discusses some of the factors involved in the design and reliability through considerations of toughness and ductility...
Abstract
The design of structural components with nominally brittle materials is largely determined by their elastic moduli, density, and tensile strength. This article discusses some of the factors involved in the design and reliability through considerations of toughness and ductility of nominally brittle materials. It describes toughening by various bridging mechanisms, as well as process zone effects and their interaction with the bridging rupture zone. The article explains the phenomena that give rise to exceptional toughness and notch-insensitive mechanical behavior. It provides a schematic illustration of a basic cell model to characterize the inelastic strains that occur in ceramic-matrix composites and their dependence on the interface friction.
Book Chapter
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article summarizes the understanding of the mechanisms and mechanical effects of fatigue processes in highly brittle materials, with particular emphasis on ceramics. It provides a discussion on room-temperature fatigue crack growth in monolithic ceramics, transformation-toughened...
Abstract
This article summarizes the understanding of the mechanisms and mechanical effects of fatigue processes in highly brittle materials, with particular emphasis on ceramics. It provides a discussion on room-temperature fatigue crack growth in monolithic ceramics, transformation-toughened ceramics, and ceramic composites under cyclic compression. The cyclic damage zones ahead of tensile fatigue cracks, crack propagation under cyclic tension or tension-compression loads, and elevated-temperature fatigue crack growth in monotonic and composite ceramics, are discussed. The article presents ceramic fatigue data for fatigue crack growth testing and concludes with a discussion on life prediction for ceramics or ceramic-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Abstract Brittle materials, such as ceramics, intermetallics, and graphites, are increasingly being used in the fabrication of lightweight components. This article focuses on the design methodologies and characterization of certain material properties. It describes the fundamental concepts...
Abstract
Brittle materials, such as ceramics, intermetallics, and graphites, are increasingly being used in the fabrication of lightweight components. This article focuses on the design methodologies and characterization of certain material properties. It describes the fundamental concepts and models associated with performing time-independent and time-dependent reliability analyses for brittle materials exhibiting scatter in ultimate strength. The article discusses the two-parameter and three-parameter Weibull distribution for representing the underlying probability density function for tensile strength. It reviews life prediction reliability models used for predicting the life of a component with complex geometry and loading. The article outlines reliability algorithms and presents several applications to illustrate the utilization of these reliability algorithms in structural applications.
Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 14 Schematic of fracture surface of brittle materials showing the idealized preexisting flaw of depth a i and half-width b i and the failure-initiating critical flaw of depth a cr and half-width b cr . For rapid loading, a i and b i should be nearly coincident with a cr
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract Milling of materials, whether hard and brittle or soft and ductile, is of prime interest and of economic importance to the powder metallurgy (PM) industry. This article discusses the principles of milling, milling parameters, and the powder characteristics required for the process...
Abstract
Milling of materials, whether hard and brittle or soft and ductile, is of prime interest and of economic importance to the powder metallurgy (PM) industry. This article discusses the principles of milling, milling parameters, and the powder characteristics required for the process. It discusses the changes in powder particle morphology that occur during milling of metal powders produced by various processes such as microforging, fracturing, agglomeration, and deagglomeration. The article also provides useful information on milling equipment such as tumbler ball mills, vibratory ball mills, attrition mills, and hammer and rod mills.
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Published: 01 January 2002
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Published: 01 January 1996
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 8 Damage due to a single impact on a brittle material (zinc sulfide) caused by a short discrete jet of 0.8 mm (0.03 in.) (corresponding to a 5 mm, or 0.2 in., droplet) impacting at 300 m/s (985 ft/s). Note apparently undamaged central area of approximately 1.2 mm (0.05 in.) surrounded
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Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 8 Crack extension stress for materials reinforced with short, strong, brittle reinforcements
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article considers two mechanisms of cavitation failure: those for ductile materials and those for brittle materials. It examines the different stages of cavitation erosion. The article explains various cavitation failures including cavitation in bearings, centrifugal pumps...
Abstract
This article considers two mechanisms of cavitation failure: those for ductile materials and those for brittle materials. It examines the different stages of cavitation erosion. The article explains various cavitation failures including cavitation in bearings, centrifugal pumps, and gearboxes. It provides information on the cavitation resistance of materials and other prevention parameters. The article describes two American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for the evaluation of erosion and cavitation, namely, ASTM Standard G 32 and ASTM Standard G 73. It concludes with a discussion on correlations between laboratory results and service.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of industries. This article describes the processes involved in erosion of ductile materials, brittle materials, and elastomers. Some examples of erosive wear failures are given on abrasive erosion, liquid impingement erosion, cavitation, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the article provides information...
Abstract
Erosion is the progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, an impinging liquid, or impinging solid particles. The detrimental effects of erosion have caused problems in a number of industries. This article describes the processes involved in erosion of ductile materials, brittle materials, and elastomers. Some examples of erosive wear failures are given on abrasive erosion, liquid impingement erosion, cavitation, and erosion-corrosion. In addition, the article provides information on the selection of materials for applications in which erosive wear failures can occur.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... the hydrostatic extrusion of structural alloys, composites, brittle materials, and intermetallics or intermetallic compounds, with examples. It concludes with a discussion on the attempts made to extend the hydrostatic extrusion to higher temperatures. brittle materials composites hot hydrostatic...
Abstract
This article begins with a general review of the effects of changes in stress state on processing of materials. It describes the fundamentals of hydrostatic extrusion and reviews the various issues and benefits associated with hydrostatic extrusion. The article discusses the hydrostatic extrusion of structural alloys, composites, brittle materials, and intermetallics or intermetallic compounds, with examples. It concludes with a discussion on the attempts made to extend the hydrostatic extrusion to higher temperatures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003282
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... describes the important parameters of the scratch test. Finally, it discusses the sliding indentation fracture process of brittle materials. scratch testing indentation hardness brittle materials Mohs scale TO UNDERSTAND the basis and applications of scratch testing, it is useful first...
Abstract
This article reviews the origins and development of scratch tests, the experimental configurations used in these tests, and the application of the tests to characterize the mechanical response of materials. It provides information on the measurement of indentation hardness. The article describes the important parameters of the scratch test. Finally, it discusses the sliding indentation fracture process of brittle materials.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... materials with the aid of models and equations. It presents three examples of erosive wear failures, namely, abrasive erosion, erosion-corrosion, and cavitation erosion. abrasive erosion brittle materials cavitation erosion ductile materials erosion erosion corrosion EROSION...
Abstract
Erosion occurs as the result of a number of different mechanisms, depending on the composition, size, and shape of the eroding particles; their velocity and angle of impact; and the composition of the surface being eroded. This article describes the erosion of ductile and brittle materials with the aid of models and equations. It presents three examples of erosive wear failures, namely, abrasive erosion, erosion-corrosion, and cavitation erosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003302
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... indentation testing reveals a significant effect of loading rates on the hardness and the induced plastic zone size in metals and on the hardness and induced crack sizes of brittle materials. The article also explains the rebound and pendulum methods for dynamic hardness testing. metals ceramics split...
Abstract
This article describes a method for determining the dynamic indentation response of metals and ceramics. This method, based on split Hopkinson pressure bar testing, can determine rate-dependent characteristics of metals and ceramics at moderate strain rates. For example, dynamic indentation testing reveals a significant effect of loading rates on the hardness and the induced plastic zone size in metals and on the hardness and induced crack sizes of brittle materials. The article also explains the rebound and pendulum methods for dynamic hardness testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Predicting the service life of structural components involves creep-fatigue crack growth (CFCG) testing under pure creep conditions. This article provides a discussion on the loading condition and the type of ductile and brittle material showing creep behavior. It focuses...
Abstract
Predicting the service life of structural components involves creep-fatigue crack growth (CFCG) testing under pure creep conditions. This article provides a discussion on the loading condition and the type of ductile and brittle material showing creep behavior. It focuses on a description of the experimental method that should be followed in conducting tests of CFCG with various hold times. The article describes the testing conditions, definitions, and the necessary calculations of various crack-tip parameters considered during static and cyclic loading in time-dependent fracture mechanics. The parameters considered for static loading are C*, C(t), C*(t), C*h, Ct, and Cst(t). For cyclic loading, the parameters are delta Jc and (Ct)avg. An overview of life-prediction models is also provided.
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in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 70 Brittle fracture in a 4150 steel. Material has been isothermally transformed at 300 °C (570 °F) from a Charpy V-notched specimen fractured at room temperature. Brittle fracture facets within larger regions, which were probably prior austenite grains. Source: Ref 30
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Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 9 The calculated notch sensitivity for a material with long, brittle reinforcements that may fracture as the crack extends
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 3 Impact damage of a carbon fiber composite material that has a brittle matrix. (a) Montage of the impact area. Epi-fluorescence, 390–440 nm excitation, 5× objective. (b) Fiber fracture area in the composite. Epi-fluorescence, 390–440 nm excitation, 25× objective. (c) Fracture shown
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