This article emphasizes the physical metallurgy of titanium and titanium alloys along with their microstructural response to fusion welding condition. The titanium alloys are classified into unalloyed or commercially pure titanium, alpha and near-alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and metastable beta alloys. The article further discusses the weld microstructure for alpha-beta and metastable beta alloys and describes welding defects observed in titanium alloys. The influence of macro- and microstructural characteristics of titanium weldment on mechanical properties is also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the different welding processes used in the welding of titanium and titanium alloys.

This article summarizes the metallurgical and environmental variables that affect fracture toughness, fatigue life, and subcritical crack growth of titanium alloys, such as chemistry, microstructure, texture, environment, and loading. The classes of titanium alloys considered in the article include alpha-beta alloys, Ti-6AI-4V; alpha alloys, Ti-8Al -1Mo-IV, Ti-5AI-2.5Sn, Ti-6242S; and beta alloys, solute-lean beta alloys and solute-rich beta alloys.

This article focuses on the physical metallurgy and weldability of four families of titanium-base alloys, namely, near-alpha alloy, alpha-beta alloy, near-beta, or metastable-beta alloy, and titanium based intermetallics that include alpha-2, gamma, and orthorhombic systems.

The response of titanium and titanium alloys to heat treatment depends on the composition of the metal, the effects of the alloying elements on the alpha-beta crystal transformation, and the thermomechanical processing utilized during processing of the alloy. This article provides a detailed discussion on the effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties for three general classes of titanium alloys, namely, alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys.

This article discusses the wrought product forms of titanium and titanium-base alloys, which include forgings and the typical mill products with tabulations for various specifications, and compares specifications for pure titanium, titanium alloys for mechanical, physical properties and chemical properties, including chemical composition, corrosion resistance, and chemical reactivity. The article discusses the effects of alloying elements in titanium alloys, and describes the classes of titanium alloys, namely, alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys. It also describes the typical applications of various titanium-base materials, and explains the crystal structure, effect of impurities, and microstructural constituents of titanium alloys. The article provides a brief description on the processing of wrought titanium alloys, including primary fabrication in which ingots are converted into general mill products and secondary fabrication (forging, extrusion, forming, machining, chemical milling and joining) of finished shapes from mill products and the heat treatment of titanium alloys.

This article describes the fundamentals of titanium metallographic sample preparation. Representative micrographs are presented for each class of titanium alloys, including unalloyed titanium, alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta titanium alloys. The article provides information on the macroexamination and microexamination for these alloys. It concludes with a discussion on the several metallographic techniques developed for specific purposes, such as recrystallization studies and microstructure/fracture topography correlations.

This article provides a detailed discussion on heat treatment of titanium alloys such as alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta and near-beta alloys. Common processes include stress-relief, annealing, solution treating, aging, quenching, and age hardening. It provides information on the effects of alloying elements on alpha/beta transformation. The article also discusses the heat treating procedures, and the furnaces used for heat treating titanium and titanium alloys.

Titanium and its alloys are used in various applications owing to its high strength, stiffness, good toughness, low density, and good corrosion resistance. This article discusses the applications of titanium and titanium alloys in gas turbine engine components, aerospace pressure vessels, optic-system support structures, prosthetic devices, and applications requiring corrosion resistance and high strength. It explains the effects of alloying elements in titanium alloys as they play an important role in controlling the microstructure and properties and describes the secondary phases and martensitic transformations formed in titanium alloy systems. Information on commercial and semicommercial grades and alloys of titanium is tabulated. The article also discusses the different grades of titanium alloys such as alpha, near-alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, beta alloys, and advanced titanium alloys (titanium-matrix composites and titanium aluminides).