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Book Chapter

Bend Testing

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By Eugene Shapiro
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Bend tests are conducted to determine the ductility or strength of a material. This article discusses the different bend tests with emphasis on test methods, apparatuses, procedures, specimen preparation, and interpretation and reporting of results. The types of bend tests discussed...
Abstract
Bend tests are conducted to determine the ductility or strength of a material. This article discusses the different bend tests with emphasis on test methods, apparatuses, procedures, specimen preparation, and interpretation and reporting of results. The types of bend tests discussed are bending ductility tests, bending strength tests (ASTM E 855), bend tests as per EN 12384 and JIS 3130, and computer-aided bending tests. The three standard bending strength tests are the cantilever beam bend test, the three-point bend test, and the four-point bend test. European Standard EN 12384 specifies a bend test to determine the modulus of elasticity in bending. Japanese Industrial Standard JIS 3130 specifies two tests to determine the elastic limit of spring plate or strip: the repeated deflection spring test and the moment type spring test.
View PDF for content titled, <span class="search-highlight">Bend</span> <span class="search-highlight">Testing</span>
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Restricted bend tests. (a) Guided bend test wherein the test material is fo...

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in Mechanical Testing > Metals Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 55 Restricted bend tests. (a) Guided bend test wherein the test material is forced through a fixture of predetermined radius. (b) Modification of guided bend test using soft metal for the fixture. (c) Method of clamping the specimen while bending it over a predetermined radius More
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Schematics of (a) three-point bend test apparatus and (b) four-point bend t...

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in Bend Testing > Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 14 Schematics of (a) three-point bend test apparatus and (b) four-point bend test apparatus. The load applicator has a 60° angle with a radius, R , of 0.127 mm (0.005 in.). In three-point bending, the load is applied at midspan using one applicator. In four-point bending, two load More
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Surface of a fracture in a bend-test specimen of Nickel 201 containing 0.02...

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in Nickel Alloys: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 867 Surface of a fracture in a bend-test specimen of Nickel 201 containing 0.02% C, 0.35% Mn, 0.01% S, 0.35% Si, 0.25% Cu, 0.04% Fe, remainder Ni. After the material had been annealed, a specimen 19 mm ( 3 4 in.) wide by 3.17 mm (0.13 in.) thick was prepared, a notch More
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Bend test results to determine the toughness of P/M-processed ASP high-spee...

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in P/M Tool Steels > Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 9 Bend test results to determine the toughness of P/M-processed ASP high-speed tool steels. A, ultimate bend strength; B, bend yield strength; C, hardness (HRC). (a) Bend strength of a test bar of ASP 23 steel after hardening and tempering at 560 °C (1040 °F) (three times for 1 h). (b More
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Schematics of the draw-bend test and final configuration of the unloaded sp...

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in Springback > Metalworking: Sheet Forming
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 16 Schematics of the draw-bend test and final configuration of the unloaded specimen. F b , normalized back force; R , tool radius; R ′, radius of curvature of region in contact with tool, after unloading; r ′, radius of curvature in curl region, after springback; Δθ, springback More
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Simulated role of plasticity in springback for a draw-bend test. (a) Differ...

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in Springback > Metalworking: Sheet Forming
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 24 Simulated role of plasticity in springback for a draw-bend test. (a) Difference of springback angle (Δθ) for pure-elastic and elastoplastic springback simulations. (b) Differences in through-thickness stress distribution following pure-elastic and elastoplastic springback. R / t More
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Bend test results to determine toughness of PM/processed ASP high-speed too...

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in P/M High-Speed Tool Steels > Machining
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 4 Bend test results to determine toughness of PM/processed ASP high-speed tool steels. A, ultimate bend strength; B, bend yield strength; C, hardness (HRC). (a) Bend strength of a test bar of ASP 23 steel after hardening and tempering at 560 °C (1040 °F) (three times for 1 h). (b) Bend More
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Three-point bend test

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in Evaluation of Workability for Bulk Forming Processes > Metalworking: Bulk Forming
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 53 Three-point bend test More
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Three-point bend test

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in Bulk Workability Testing[1] > Metalworking: Bulk Forming
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 Three-point bend test More
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Bend test. Source: Ref 12

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in Evaluation and Quality Control of Resistance-Welded Joints > Welding Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 13 Bend test. Source: Ref 12 More
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Proportional dimensions and tolerances for cantilever bend test specimens. ...

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in Evaluating Stress-Corrosion Cracking > Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 25(a) Proportional dimensions and tolerances for cantilever bend test specimens. Width = W ; thickness ( B ) = 0.5 W ; half loading span ( L ) = 2 W ; notch width ( N ) = 0.065 W maximum if W &gt;25 mm (&gt;1.0 in.); N = 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) maximum if W = 25 mm (1.0 in.); effective More
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Schematics of the draw-bend test and final configuration of the unloaded sp...

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in Sheet Metal Forming Simulation > Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 20 Schematics of the draw-bend test and final configuration of the unloaded specimen. F b , normalized back force; R , tool radius; R ′, radius of curvature of region in contact with tool, after unloading; r ′, radius of curvature in curl region, after springback; Δθ, springback More
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Experimental setup used to perform the one-point bend test

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in Impact Toughness Testing > Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 20 Experimental setup used to perform the one-point bend test More
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Schematic sketch of the miniature disk bend test (MDBT) geometry. Adapted f...

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in Fracture Toughness of Ceramics and Ceramic Matrix Composites > Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 11 Schematic sketch of the miniature disk bend test (MDBT) geometry. Adapted from Ref 70 More
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Stress-relaxation bend test specimen and spheromometer in four-point loaded...

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in Stress Relaxation Testing > Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 10 Stress-relaxation bend test specimen and spheromometer in four-point loaded beam with uniform cross-section More
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Stress-relaxation bend test specimen in static fixture for lift-off measure...

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in Stress Relaxation Testing > Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 11 Stress-relaxation bend test specimen in static fixture for lift-off measurements More
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Schematic of a bend test apparatus according to EN 12384. s , deflection

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in Bend Testing > Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 16 Schematic of a bend test apparatus according to EN 12384. s , deflection More
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Hot bend test results for low-carbon steels that have been oxidized prior t...

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in Design for Deformation Processes > Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 28 Hot bend test results for low-carbon steels that have been oxidized prior to bending. Source: Ref 23 More
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A bend test eliminates the grip problem in tensile testing ceramics and can...

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in Fundamental Structure-Property Relationships in Engineering Materials > Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 20 A bend test eliminates the grip problem in tensile testing ceramics and can be used to measure the material modulus of rupture ( Eq 3 ). Source: Ref 4 More