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Book Chapter
Evaluation and Quality Control of Soldered Joints
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001479
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... requirements and joint configurations required for the formation of a good soldered joint. It focuses on the visual, automatic, and destructive inspection techniques for determining overall joint quality. automatic inspection destructive inspection quality control soldered joints visual inspection...
Abstract
Before the quality of a soldered joint can be evaluated, the components that are required for the formation of a good soldered joint should be reviewed. These components are solder, applied heat, and solderable surface. This article discusses each of these as well as the end-use requirements and joint configurations required for the formation of a good soldered joint. It focuses on the visual, automatic, and destructive inspection techniques for determining overall joint quality.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on two methods of radiographic film processing: manual and automatic processing. collimators cylinders diaphragms double-image techniques film radiography filtration flanges inspection radiography plates single-image techniques tubular...
Abstract
Film radiography requires the development of the exposed film so that the latent image becomes visible for viewing. It describes the general characteristics of film, including speed, gradient, and graininess, and the factors affecting film selection and exposure time. The article discusses the three major inspection techniques for tubular sections, namely, the double-wall, double-image technique; the double-wall, single-image technique; and the single-wall, single-image technique. It illustrates the arrangements of penetrameters and identification markers for the radiography of plates, cylinders, and flanges. The article discusses various control methods, including the use of lead screens; protection against backscatter and scatter from external objects; and the use of masks, diaphragms, collimators, and filtration. The radiographic appearance of specific types of flaws is also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on two methods of radiographic film processing: manual and automatic processing.
Book Chapter
Visual Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003230
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... fiberscopes. Videoscopes help reduce eye fatigue. Also, there is no honeycomb pattern or irregular picture distortion as with some fiberscopes, the electronic form of the image signal allows digital image enhancement and the potential for integration with automatic inspection systems, and the display allows...
Abstract
Visual inspection is a nondestructive testing technique that provides a means to detect and examine a variety of surface flaws, such as corrosion, contamination, surface finish, and surface discontinuities. This article discusses the equipment used to aid visual inspection, including borescopes (rigid and flexible), optical sensors, and magnifying systems. The article discusses the special features of borescopes, the factors that influence the choice of a flexible or rigid borescope for use in a specific application, and some of the image sensors used in visual inspection.
Image
Schematic of a machining and inspection station in an in-line transfer mach...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1989
Fig. 43 Schematic of a machining and inspection station in an in-line transfer machine. This camless piston-manufacturing system is capable of producing 1800 automotive engine pistons per hour using diamond turning tools operating at up to 4000 rev/min. Sequence of operations is as follows: 1
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Book Chapter
Surface and Geometrical Characterization and Measurements in Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006967
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... is the ability to use software to receive machine-readable data created from one part of the product life cycle and use it to automate another. For example, an MBD can be read by inspection software to automatically derive appropriate measurement strategies and program measurement equipment. This type...
Abstract
As additive manufacturing (AM) gains maturity as a manufacturing technique for production in many industrial sectors, inspection as a tool for quality control gains importance. This article is focused on the field of dimensional metrology, which is typically concerned with the verification of size, location, form, and surface topography of geometric features. This is split into two categories: geometric (size, location, form) and surface measurement (topography). The article also focuses on applicable inspection technologies, and it discusses the context within digital thread manufacturing. A case study on the Digital Inspection Requirements Enhancing Coverage and Traceability (DIRECT) is also presented.
Book Chapter
Review of Ultrasonic Testing for Metallic Additively Manufactured Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006982
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... manually, but some cases can be done automatically. In terms of UT, metallic AM is very close to welding, for which UT is already widely used in the oil and gas and power-generation industries. Although UT is mature for the inspection of welds within industry, UT is far less mature in the application...
Abstract
This article focuses on ultrasonic testing (UT) applied to metallic additive manufacturing (AM) parts, presenting the basic principles of UT. It provides a detailed discussion on postprocess UT inspection of powder-bed-fusion-manufactured samples and directed-energy-deposition-manufactured samples.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... reviews the automation technologies for the different stages or steps of the die casting process. The different levels of automation can be semiautomatic and fully automatic. Some manual aspects of the operations (together with automation options) are also mentioned. Many die casters also combine...
Abstract
High-pressure die casting is a fast method for the net shape manufacturing of parts from nonferrous alloys. This article reviews the automation technologies for the different stages or steps of the process. These steps include liquid metal pouring, injection, solidification, die open, part extraction, die lubrication, insert loading, and die close. Some manual aspects of the operations, together with automation options, are discussed. The article describes finishing steps, such as finish trimming, detailed deflashing, shot blast cleaning, and quality checks. Automation of the postcasting process is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Acoustic Emission Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Acoustic-emission inspection detects and analyzes minute acoustic-emission signals generated by discontinuities in materials under applied stress. This article discusses the types of acoustic emissions (continuous-type emissions and burst-type emissions) and applications, including...
Abstract
Acoustic-emission inspection detects and analyzes minute acoustic-emission signals generated by discontinuities in materials under applied stress. This article discusses the types of acoustic emissions (continuous-type emissions and burst-type emissions) and applications, including laboratory testing, production testing, and structural testing. The article includes a section in which the characteristics of acoustic emission inspection are compared with other nondestructive testing methods. Further, it briefly reviews the key elements of the acoustic-emission instrumentation, which includes the acoustic-emission resonant sensor.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
...-in demagnetizers as contained in mobile equipment for magnetic-particle inspection are available that demagnetize by one of four methods: Low-voltage high-amperage alternating current with a motor-driven power-tap switch, arranged to automatically provide periods of current-on and periods of current-off...
Abstract
Magnetic-particle inspection is a method of locating surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. This article discusses the applications and advantages and limitations of magnetic-particle inspection. It describes magnetic fields in terms of magnetized ring, magnetized bar, circular magnetization, longitudinal magnetization, and effects of flux direction. General applications, advantages, and limitations of the various magnetizing methods used in magnetic-particle inspection are listed in a table. The article discusses the items that must be considered in establishing a set of procedures for the magnetic-particle inspection of a specific part: type of current, type of magnetic particles, method of magnetization, direction of magnetization, magnitude of applied current, and equipment. It concludes with a discussion on demagnetization after magnetic-particle inspection.
Book Chapter
Liquid-Penetrant Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... mounted on brackets from which they can be lifted and moved about by hand. Because of the heat given off by black lights, good air circulation is essential in black-light booths. For automatic inspection, workpieces are moved through booths equipped with split curtains, either by hand or by conveyor...
Abstract
Liquid-penetrant inspection is a nondestructive method used to find discontinuities that are open to the surface of solid, essentially nonporous materials. This article describes the physical principles and the process of liquid-penetrant inspection. It also describes the basic penetrant systems, such as the water-washable system, the post-emulsifiable system, and the solvent-removable system. The article provides information on the liquid-penetrant materials, emulsifiers, solvent cleaners, and developers. It details the equipment requirements, selection of penetrant system, and specifications and standards for the liquid-penetrant inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006440
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Abstract Liquid penetrant inspection is a nondestructive method of revealing discontinuities that are open to the surfaces of solid and essentially nonporous materials. This article provides information on physical principles, evolution, description, and processing parameters of liquid...
Abstract
Liquid penetrant inspection is a nondestructive method of revealing discontinuities that are open to the surfaces of solid and essentially nonporous materials. This article provides information on physical principles, evolution, description, and processing parameters of liquid penetrant inspection as well as materials used. It discusses some of the more generally used types of equipment used in penetrant inspection and their requirements. The article describes various penetrant methods and their selection criteria and provides information on precleaning and postcleaning of workpieces before and after penetrant inspection. The quality assurance and maintenance of penetrant inspection materials are also discussed. The article concludes with information on specifications and standards applicable to penetrant inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of test-current frequency and linear speed could automatically limit the size of flaw that can be detected. Inspection speeds of thousands of meters per minute are possible, which allows systems to be easily tailored to tube mill-production speeds. Improvements to EC testing speed are largely due...
Abstract
This article provides information on the application of nondestructive examination (NDE) technologies to tube and pipe products. These include modeling and simulation methods, eddy-current methods, magnetic methods, acoustic methods, and physical methods. A summary of nondestructive examination methods based on flaw type and product stage is presented in a table. The article also discusses in-service inspection of tubular products and presents an example that illustrates the importance of nondestructive testing (NDT) for welds in austenitic stainless steel tubing.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... factors to come to bear. These depend not only on the skill of the individual, but the conditions under which the inspection is performed, non-work-related factors that may cause performance to vary from day to day, and other issues. In contrast, automatic inspections are considered to yield much more...
Abstract
This article provides information on life assessment strategies and conceptually illustrates the interplay of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and fracture mechanics in the damage tolerant approach. It presents information on probability of detection (POD) and probability of false alarm (PFA). The article describes the damage tolerance approach to life management of cyclic-limited engine components and lists the commonly used nondestructive evaluation methods. It concludes with an illustration on the role of NDE, as quantified by POD, in fully probabilistic life management.
Book Chapter
Processing and Finishing of Castings
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005355
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract After solidification and cooling, further processing and finishing of the castings are required. This article describes the general operations of shakeout, grinding, cleaning, and inspection of castings, with particular emphasis on automation technology. It illustrates the vertical...
Abstract
After solidification and cooling, further processing and finishing of the castings are required. This article describes the general operations of shakeout, grinding, cleaning, and inspection of castings, with particular emphasis on automation technology. It illustrates the vertical core knockout machine and the A-frame core knockout machine and lists the advantages and disadvantages of these machines. The article describes the general factors in automated or manual gate removal process. It concludes with discussion on the various types of inspection, such as the liquid penetrant inspection, pressure testing, radiographic inspection, magnetic particle inspection, and ultrasonic inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... • Sanders H.A. , Proper Use of Light during Testing , Mater. Eval ., Vol 69 ( No. 2 ), 2011 , p 164 – 167 • Scott J. , “Remote Visual Inspection—Applications and Solutions,” General Electric , 2012 • Singh S. and Bharti M. , Image Processing Based Automatic...
Abstract
Visual inspection (VI) is the oldest inspection technique man has used as a quality-control tool to evaluate products, assess their final form in terms of fabrication accuracy and external features based on experience, and decide on their acceptance or rejection. This article discusses the basic principles of visual inspection in terms of direct visual examination and indirect visual examination as well as advantages and limitations of visual inspection. It reviews the factors affecting the effectiveness of VI as a nondestructive testing (NDT): lighting conditions of observation, condition of surface under inspection, physical state/condition of inspector, proper training of personnel and level of expertise, and knowledge of applicable standards. The article provides schematic illustrations of rigid borescopes, fiberscopes, and videoscopes. It concludes with a discussion on automated optical inspection systems.
Book Chapter
Basic Inspection Methods (Pulse-Echo and Transmission Methods)
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... in computer technology have extended the data-acquisition and signal-processing capabilities of ultrasonic inspection systems. Many, if not the majority, of the various forms of systems also include software for signal conditioning, gating, automatic interpretation, and data storage. Systems that provide C...
Abstract
This article considers the two primary methods used for ultrasonic inspection: pulse-echo and the transmission methods. Pulse-echo inspection can be accomplished with longitudinal, shear, surface (Rayleigh), or Lamb (plate) waves using a diverse range of transducers. The article discusses the principles of each of these inspection methods. It describes the applications and the basic data formats for single-element transducer-based systems, including A-scans, B-scans, and C-scans. The article provides information on electronic equipment used for ultrasonic inspection. It also describes how specific material conditions produce and modify A-scan indications. The article provides information on the controls and their functions for the display unit of the electronic equipment. It describes the techniques used for the identification and characterization of flaws, namely, surface (Rayleigh) wave and ultrasonic polar scan techniques.
Book Chapter
Multiple-Operation Machining
Available to PurchaseBook: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract This article provides information on the operating principle, tool material and design changes, and safety and protection of various multifunction machines as well as the cutting fluids used. These include single-spindle automatic lathes, manual turret lathes, single-spindle automatic...
Abstract
This article provides information on the operating principle, tool material and design changes, and safety and protection of various multifunction machines as well as the cutting fluids used. These include single-spindle automatic lathes, manual turret lathes, single-spindle automatic bar and chucking machines, Swiss-type automatic bar machines, multiple-spindle automatic bar and chucking machines, and multiple-spindle vertical chucking machines. The article provides examples that illustrate typical variations in dimensions obtained with a multiple-spindle machine. It also describes the machinability and provides information on the physical condition of the work metal. The article discusses the various factors to be considered in the selection of an appropriate machine. It presents examples that describe the techniques and equipment selected for specific production applications. In addition, the article discusses the types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of machining centers and transfer machines. Finally, it provides the goals, objectives, and production techniques of flexible manufacturing systems.
Book Chapter
Capacitor Discharge Stud Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005554
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
.... The production-type units typically require 240/480 V ac three-phase incoming power and a compressed air supply. The production units are normally used for higher rates of productivity, close-tolerance work (down to ±0.13 mm, or 0.005 in.), critical reverse side marking requirements, automatic stud feeding...
Abstract
This article focuses on the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of capacitor discharge (CD) stud welding as well as equipment used. It describes three modes of CD stud welding: initial-gap, initial-contact, and drawn-arc welding. The article also discusses the responsibilities of the welding operator.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001361
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., close-tolerance work (down to ±0.13 mm, or 0.005 in.), critical reverse side marking requirements, automatic stud feeding, automatic feeding of the part to be welded, automatic location of the stud on the part, and exotic materials. The production rate of portable equipment normally ranges from 4...
Abstract
Capacitor discharge (CD) stud welding is a stud arc welding process in which the tip of the stud melts almost instantly when energy stored in capacitors is discharged through it. This article describes the three basic modes of the CD stud welding: initial-gap welding, initial-contact welding, and drawn-arc welding. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages and applications of the CD stud welding. The article describes the equipment used and the personnel responsibilities during CD stud welding.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001234
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... barrel Fast processing Fragile part handling High precision part handling Potential automated batch processing Automatic change from grind to super finish Produces finest finish Improves fatigue strength No in-process inspection High initial investment Mass Finishing Consumable Materials...
Abstract
Mass finishing normally involves loading components to be finished into a container together with abrasive media, water, and compound. This article focuses on basic mass finishing processes, including barrel finishing, vibratory finishing, centrifugal disc and barrel finishing, spindle finishing, and drag finishing. It describes the various factors considered in selecting the most suitable mass finishing process. The article also provides information on consumable materials, process considerations, safety precautions, and waste disposal of mass finishing processes.
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