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Image
Time-temperature-transformation diagram showing austenite decomposition int...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4 Time-temperature-transformation diagram showing austenite decomposition into pearlite and bainite. Source: Ref 4 , p 333
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Book Chapter
The Austenite-to-Pearlite/Ferrite Transformation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006300
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Abstract This article discusses the stable and metastable three-phase fields in the binary Fe-C phase diagram. It schematically illustrates that austenite decomposition requires accounting for nucleation and growth of ferrite and then nucleation and growth of pearlite in the remaining...
Abstract
This article discusses the stable and metastable three-phase fields in the binary Fe-C phase diagram. It schematically illustrates that austenite decomposition requires accounting for nucleation and growth of ferrite and then nucleation and growth of pearlite in the remaining untransformed volume. The article describes the austenite decomposition to ferrite and pearlite in spheroidal graphite irons and lamellar graphite irons. It provides a discussion on modeling austenite decomposition to ferrite and pearlite.
Image
Schematic iron-carbon phase diagram (left). Austenitization time-temperatur...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 3 Schematic iron-carbon phase diagram (left). Austenitization time-temperature diagram illustrating kinetics of isothermal austenite formation upon heating (upper right) and time-temperature-transformation diagram representing isothermal austenite decomposition upon cooling (lower right
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Image
The procedure for determining isothermal cooling (IT) diagrams. Line 1: Tem...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 4 The procedure for determining isothermal cooling (IT) diagrams. Line 1: Temperature versus time. Line 2: Elongation versus time. S represents the start and F the finish of austenite decomposition.
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Image
(a) Continuous cooling transformation diagrams of DIN 22CrMo44 steel showin...
Available to Purchase
in Heat Treatment Problems Associated with Design and Steel Selection[1]
> Heat Treating of Irons and Steels
Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 9 (a) Continuous cooling transformation diagrams of DIN 22CrMo44 steel showing austenitic decomposition with the superimposed cooling curves of the surface and center during water quenching of round bars of varying dimensions. (b) The corresponding residual-stress pattern developed
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in nonferrous systems. bainite ferrous metals nonferrous metals surface relief BAINITE describes the resultant microstructure in steels of the decomposition of austenite (γ) into ferrite (α) and cementite (Fe 3 C) in the temperature range above the martensitic transformation and below...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the transformations of various categories of bainite in ferrous systems. These include upper bainite, lower bainite, inverse bainite, granular bainite, and columnar bainite. The article also provides information on the bainite transformations in nonferrous systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Abstract The transformation of austenite of cast irons represents a more complex and less studied subject. This article discusses the general features of the decomposition of austenite into bainite. It describes the heat treatment cycles of austempered cast iron microstructure. The article...
Abstract
The transformation of austenite of cast irons represents a more complex and less studied subject. This article discusses the general features of the decomposition of austenite into bainite. It describes the heat treatment cycles of austempered cast iron microstructure. The article reviews several factors, such as presence of graphite and austenite grain size, which affect the transformation rate of austenite during austempering of free-graphite cast irons.
Book Chapter
Low-Temperature Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005959
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... by a discussion on physical metallurgy, including crystallographic identity, thermal stability and decomposition, nitrogen and carbon solubility in expanded austenite, and diffusion kinetics of interstitials. It provides a description of low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes for primarily...
Abstract
Low-temperature surface hardening is mostly applied to austenitic stainless steels when a combination of excellent corrosion performance and wear performance is required. This article provides a brief history of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steel, followed by a discussion on physical metallurgy, including crystallographic identity, thermal stability and decomposition, nitrogen and carbon solubility in expanded austenite, and diffusion kinetics of interstitials. It provides a description of low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes for primarily austenitic and, to a lesser extent, other types of stainless steels along with practical examples and industrial applications of these steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005786
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... microstructure. Such austenite is referred to as retained austenite, resulting from incomplete transformation/decomposition during cooling from a previous processing step or sequence of steps. Fig. 1 Iron-carbon binary phase diagram, where solid lines indicate the metastable Fe-Fe 3 C diagram and dashed...
Abstract
Austenitization refers to heating into the austenite phase field, during which the austenite structure is formed. This article highlights the purpose of austenitization, and reviews the mechanism and importance of thermodynamics and kinetics of austenite structure using an iron-carbon binary phase diagram. It also describes the effects of austenite grain size, and provides useful information on controlling the austenite grain size using the thermomechanical process.
Book Chapter
Steel Decarburization—Mechanisms, Models, Prevention, Correction, and Effects on Component Life
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005966
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
..., Fe 3 O 4 , and Fe 2 O 3 , with FeO forming directly at the interface with the steel (although not all layers may be obvious). Beneath the oxide layers is a zone containing ferrite (white etching grains) comingled with austenite decomposition product. At the bottom, the structure becomes solely...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mechanisms, models, prevention, correction, and effects associated with decarburization inherited from semi-finished product processing prior to induction heating. It discusses the diffusion of carbon in austenitic iron, which has a face-centered cubic crystal structure that provides an interstitial path for the migration of the relatively small carbon atoms. The article describes the evolution of steel microstructure with progressive decarburization (in air) to a steady-state carbon gradient using an iron-iron carbide phase diagram. It provides useful information on the impact of alloying on vulnerability to decarburization, and the impact of decarburization on the mechanical properties of steels and cast irons. The article also describes the technological operations that potentially cause decarburization and the practical implications for induction hardening.
Image
Temperature-composition regions indicating the morphological tendencies of ...
Available to Purchase
in Physical Metallurgy Concepts in Interpretation of Microstructures
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 22 Temperature-composition regions indicating the morphological tendencies of proeutectoid ferrite and cementite from isothermal decomposition of large-grain (ASTM 0 to 1) and small-grain (ASTM 7 to 8) austenite. See also Fig. 23 for descriptions of GBA, grain-boundary allotriomorphs; W
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Book Chapter
Simulation of Microstructural Evolution in Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005414
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... decomposition, primarily due to the complexities involved in modeling phase transformations. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on modeling of austenite decomposition. Recent advances in finite-element modeling of metal deformation processes, coupled with advances in materials characterization...
Abstract
Computer simulation of microstructural evolution during hot rolling of steels is a major topic of research and development in academia and industry. This article describes the methodology and procedures commonly employed to develop microstructural evolution models to simulate microstructural evolution in steels. It presents an example of the integration of finite element modeling and microstructural evolution models for the simulation of metal flow and microstructural evolution in a hot rolling process.
Image
Calculated isothermal stability plot of expanded austenite in AISI 304 and ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2014
Fig. 6 Calculated isothermal stability plot of expanded austenite in AISI 304 and AISI 316 based on isochronal annealing data. The graphs show the time to reach 50% decomposition. Source: Ref 65
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Image
Hot-rolled 1022 steel showing severe banding. Bands of pearlite (dark) and ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Hot-rolled 1022 steel showing severe banding. Bands of pearlite (dark) and ferrite were caused by segregation of carbon and other elements during solidification and later decomposition of austenite. Nital. 250×. Courtesy of J.R. Kilpatrick
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Book Chapter
Heat Treatment of Copper Precipitation-Strengthened Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005962
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... is metastable, the decomposition kinetics are very sluggish even at elevated temperatures. It is a very hard and brittle phase that provides significant strengthening. Bainite Bainite is a microconstituent that forms during decomposition of austenite in some copper steels. It is composed of ferrite...
Abstract
Copper steels are precipitation-strengthened steels that are designed to have a unique combination of physical and mechanical properties. This article provides an overview of copper precipitate-strengthened steels and their applications, and discusses appropriate ASTM International standards. It describes the common phases and alloying elements present in copper precipitate-strengthened steels, and reviews the influences of alloying elements on processing, phase diagrams, microstructures, and mechanical properties. The article also discusses the thermomechanical process, solutionizing heat treatment, and isothermal aging in detail. It concludes with a review of the interrelationships between heat treatments, microstructures, and mechanical properties.
Image
Hot rolled 1022 steel showing severe banding. Bands of pearlite (dark) and ...
Available to Purchase
in Failures Related to Hot Forming Processes
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 3 Hot rolled 1022 steel showing severe banding. Bands of pearlite (dark) and ferrite were caused by segregation of carbon and other elements during solidification and later decomposition of austenite. Nital etch. Original magnification: 250×. Courtesy of J.R. Kilpatrick
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Image
Plan view thin-foil bright-field transmission electron microscopy image sho...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2014
Fig. 6 Plan view thin-foil bright-field transmission electron microscopy image showing grains A, B, and C of expanded austenite and their respective selected-area electron diffraction patterns. Some phase-decomposition regions are indicated on the B grain surface (white arrows
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Book Chapter
Numerical Aspects of Modeling Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... ∈ Ω , t = 0 The known functions, that is, data, are F D , F N , F init , and ρ init . To include the effect of phase transformations, such as liquid to solid and the decomposition of austenite in low-alloy steels, it would be necessary to have equations describing the evolution...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of formulas and numerical solutions, addressing many heat-transfer scenarios encountered in welds. It provides detailed explanations and dimensioned drawings in order to discuss the geometry of weld models, transfer of energy and heat in welds, microstructure evaluation, thermal stress analysis, and fluid flow in the weld pool.
Image
Electron micrographs of aged type 308 weld. (a) Aged at 475 ° C for 1000 h,...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 21 Electron micrographs of aged type 308 weld. (a) Aged at 475 ° C for 1000 h, showing mottled structure indicative of spinodal decomposition of the δ-ferrite and extensive G-phase precipitation. (b) Aged at 475 °C for 4950 h, showing M 23 C 6 carbides at austenitic-ferrite interface
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Book Chapter
Modeling and Simulation of Stresses and Distortion in Induction Hardened Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005882
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
.... Fig. 2 Effect of carbon content on martensite-start temperature for 51 xx family of alloy steels. Source: Ref 1 Modeling of Austenite Formation and Decomposition Mathematical models required to simulate the metallurgical transformations that drive stress evolution in the component...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the analytical modeling and simulation of residual stress states developed in steel parts and the reasons for these varied final stress states. It illustrates how the metallurgical phase transformation of steel alloys can be applied in the simulation of induction hardening processes and the role of these phase transformations in affecting stress and distortion. Emphasis is placed on induction surface hardening, which is the main application of induction heating in steel heat treatment. The article concludes with examples of induction surface-hardened shafts and through-hardened shafts made of plain carbon steel, alloy steel, and limited hardenability steel.
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