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Book Chapter
Tables of Chemicals and Etchants
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article is a comprehensive collection of tables listing: dangerous reactions of chemicals and designations of etchants; chemical-polishing solutions for irons and steels and nonferrous materials; attack-polishing solutions, macrostructure etchants for iron and steel; and major...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of tables listing: dangerous reactions of chemicals and designations of etchants; chemical-polishing solutions for irons and steels and nonferrous materials; attack-polishing solutions, macrostructure etchants for iron and steel; and major microstructure etchants for common phases and constituents in ferrous materials.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Refractory Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003777
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... B 50 mL lactic acid, 30 mL HNO 3 , 2 mL HF 30 mL lactic acid, 10 mL HNO 3 , 10 mL HF Swab specimen 1 to 3 min with solution A, acts as a chemical polishing agent and etchant; then swab 5 s with solution B; repeat if necessary; HF content in solution B controls etch speed Additional etchants...
Abstract
This article describes various procedures used in the metallographic preparation of niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten alloys. It provides information on sectioning, grinding, mounting, polishing, and electrolytic etching as well as alternate procedures that have been used on refractory metals. The article presents and analyzes several micrographs, provides etchant formulas for various materials, and discusses the unique characteristics of rhenium and its alloys.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... are: A soft, fine polishing cloth designed for attack polishing An acid solution of 75 mL H 2 O, 10 g of oxalic acid, 5 mL of acetic acid (glacial), 6 mL of nitric acid (70% HNO 3 ), 2 mL of hydrofluoric acid (48 to 52%HF) An abrasive suspension of colloidal silica The suspension shall be added...
Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys are reactive metals used in a variety of nuclear and chemical processing applications. This article describes various specimen preparation procedures for these materials, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. It reviews some examples of the microstructure and examination for zircaloy alloys, hafnium, zirconium, and bimetallic forms.
Image
Comparison of etch-attack and electrochemical methods of polishing tungsten...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 23 Comparison of etch-attack and electrochemical methods of polishing tungsten, a representative refractory metal. (a) Polishing by an etch-attack technique using Al 2 O 3 abrasive suspended in an aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide (KCN) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). (b) Polishing
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Book Chapter
Chemical and Electrolytic Polishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003748
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Metallographic preparation of a material involves the elimination of artifacts or scratches from fine polishing and may be achieved by methods such as attack polishing, vibratory polishing, chemical polishing, electrolytic polishing, and electromechanical polishing. This article...
Abstract
Metallographic preparation of a material involves the elimination of artifacts or scratches from fine polishing and may be achieved by methods such as attack polishing, vibratory polishing, chemical polishing, electrolytic polishing, and electromechanical polishing. This article discusses the mechanism, operating procedure, advantages, and limitations of chemical and electrolytic polishing of samples for metallographic preparation. It provides information on the specimen preparation, apparatus used, and safety precautions to be followed during the polishing process. The various groups of electrolytes used in electropolishing of several metals and alloys are reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on local electropolishing.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... the definition of the underlying structure (in some cases, smooth polishing may be required). The ground surface was etched in a macroetchant to reveal the structure. The features shown in the flow lines of the flash-butt-weld example were revealed because the acid in the etching solution selectively attacked...
Abstract
This article describes the microstructure and metallographic practices used for medium- to high-carbon steels as well as for low-alloy steels. It explains the microstructural constituents of plain carbon and low-alloy steels, including ferrite, pearlite, and cementite. The article provides information on how to reveal the various constituents using proven metallographic procedures for both macrostructural and microstructural examination. Emphasis is placed on the specimen preparation procedures such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing. The article illustrates the use of proven etching techniques for plain carbon and low-alloy steels.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Tin and Tin Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... steel and FeSn 2 (dark, mottled), gray crystals of FeSn 2 in tin, and bottom of tin coating (light). 2% picral. 22,500× vertical; 2250× horizontal Electrodeposited or hot dip tin coatings on copper and copper alloys are readily etched by polish attack using a solution of 20 mL concentrated...
Abstract
This article describes the specimen preparation steps for tin and tin alloys, and for harder base metals which are coated with these materials with illustrations. The steps discussed include sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The article provides information on etchants for tin and tin alloys in tabular form. It presents the procedure recommended for electron microscopy to determine the nature of the intermetallic compound formed by the reaction between tin or tin-lead coatings on various substrates. The article concludes with an illustration of the microstructures of tin-copper, tin-lead, tin-lead-cadmium, tin-antimony, tin-antimony-copper, tin-antimony-copper-lead, tin-silver, tin-indium, tin-zinc, and tin-zinc-copper systems.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Techniques for Aluminum and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... generally are more difficult to prepare by mechanical polishing, because: Deformation caused by cutting and grinding extends to a greater depth. The embedding of abrasive particles in the metal during polishing is more likely. Relief between the matrix and second-phase particles, which...
Abstract
This article focuses on the metallography and microstructures of wrought and cast aluminum and aluminum alloys. It describes the role of major alloying elements and their effect on phase formation and the morphologies of constituents formed by liquid-solid and/or solid-state transformations. The article also describes specimen preparation procedures and examines the microstructure of several alloy samples.
Image
Micrograph of high-temperature hydrogen attack of postweld heat treated car...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 52 Micrograph of high-temperature hydrogen attack of postweld heat treated carbon steel in hydrogen service. (a) Etched with 2% nital solution to show weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ). (b) As-polished to show fissures, including an almost through-wall crack on the HAZ on the left. Source
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Book Chapter
Metallographic Technique for Ferrous Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and polishing. Electroless nickel plating solutions are commonly used. A plating thickness of about 5 to 10 μm (0.0002 to 0.0004 in.) is usually sufficient. It is best to hot compression mount electroless nickel-plated specimens using a press that cools the specimen to ambient temperature under pressure as hot...
Abstract
Proper sectioning of the surface to be examined is a very important step in preparing steel specimens. The first step in preventing damage to the metallurgical structure is to minimize the amount of sectioning that is done. This article discusses the various metallographic techniques, namely mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching involved in the microstructural analysis of carbon and alloy steels, case hardening steels, cast iron, ferrous powder metallurgy alloys, wrought and cast stainless steels, tool materials, steel castings, iron-chromium-nickel heat-resistant casting alloys and different product forms of steels.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Practices Generally Applicable to All Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003244
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and inclusions may be preferentially attacked during polishing. Chemical Polishing Chemical polishing involves simple immersion of a metal specimen into a suitable solution to obtain a metallographic polish. The results of chemical polishing are similar to those of electropolishing. They vary from...
Abstract
This article describes the methods and equipments involved in the preparation of specimens for examination by light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis for microindentation hardness testing, and for quantification of microstructural parameters, either manually or by the use of image analyzers. Preparation of metallographic specimens generally requires five major operations: sectioning, mounting, grinding, chemical polishing, and etching. The article provides information on the principles of technique selection in mechanical polishing, and describes the procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of electrolytic and chemical polishing. It also provides a detailed account of procedures, precautions, and composition for preparation and handling of etchants.
Book Chapter
Preparation and Microstructural Analysis of High-Performance Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., the mount should be of a material that will not be attacked by the acid mixture. Mechanical Preparation (Grinding and Polishing) It is preferable to perform the grinding and polishing procedures with an automatic or semiautomatic machine. The structure of each and every ceramic product has been...
Abstract
Microstructural analysis reveals many important details about the qualities and capabilities of high-performance ceramics. This article explains how to prepare ceramic samples for imaging and the imaging technologies normally used. It describes sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing as well as ceramographic etching. It discusses common imaging approaches, including scanning electron microscopy and thin-section polarized light techniques, a type of optical microscopy. The article also addresses microstructural classification, examining detailed micrographs from samples of aluminum oxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, and piezoelectric ceramics.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Copper and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003772
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Immersion Etching and attack polishing of coppers and alloys 3. 25 mL NH 4 OH, 25 mL H 2 O, 50 mL 2.5% (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 Immersion Attack polishing of coppers and some copper alloys 4. 2 g K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , 8 mL H 2 SO 4 , 4 mL NaCl (saturated solution), 100 mL H 2 O Immersion; NaCl replaceable...
Abstract
This article describes the microstructure of copper alloys, including copper-zinc (brasses), bronzes, copper-nickel, and copper-nickel-zinc, and examines the effect of oxygen content on alloy phases observed in different product forms. The article also discusses inclusions, etchants, and the effect of composition and processing on grain structure and growth rates.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Uranium and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003780
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in Table 4 . 100×. Courtesy of M.E. McAllaster Fig. 6 Polarized light micrograph of U-6.0Nb quenched from 800 °C (1470 °F) showing α b ″ thermoelastic martensite. Attack polished using 5 wt% CrO 3 in H 2 O (etchant no longer recommended). 1000×. Courtesy of J.W. Koger Fig. 7...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of physical metallurgy and metallography of depleted uranium. It describes the techniques involved in the preparation of thin foils for transmission electron microscopy and illustrates the resulting microstructure of uranium and uranium alloys, with the aid of black and white images. The article also provides information on the applications of etching and examination of uranium alloys, at both macro and micro scales, in characterizing the grain structures, segregation patterns, inclusions, and the metal flow geometries produced by solidification and mechanical working processes.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Zinc and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003781
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... (a) Selected die cast alloys given by common name (UNS) Electrolytic Etching Electrolytic etching has been used to differentiate two intermediate phases of the zinc-copper system (γ phase and ε phase). The electrolyte is a 17% aqueous solution of CrO 3 . The polished specimen is the anode...
Abstract
This article discusses the specimen preparation techniques for zinc and its alloys and zinc-coated specimens, namely, sectioning, mounting, grinding and polishing, and etching. It describes the characteristics of lead, cadmium, iron, copper, titanium, aluminum, magnesium, and tin, which are present in the microstructure of zinc alloys. The article also provides information on microexamination that helps to determine the dendrite arm spacing, as well as the grain size, grain boundaries, and grain counts.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Beryllium, Copper-Beryllium, and Nickel-Beryllium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003770
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... polishing takes approximately 3 to 5 min. The specimen should appear flat and free of most scratches. An attack-polish procedure may also be used. Initial polishing is performed using Al 2 O 3 abrasive on a short-nap cloth at 1750 rpm. A 5 to 10% aqueous oxalic acid solution is used with the Al 2 O 3...
Abstract
The two major types of beryllium-containing alloys are copper-berylliums and nickel-berylliums. The most widely used beryllium-containing alloys are wrought copper-berylliums, which provide good strength while retaining useful levels of electrical and thermal conductivity. This article provides information on the specimen preparation procedures, macroexamination, microexamination, and microstructures of beryllium, copper-beryllium alloys, as well as nickel-beryllium alloys. It also discusses health and safety measures associated with the specimen preparation of beryllium and beryllium-containing alloys.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
...) Some specimens with coatings such as zinc-coated steel sheet (Galvalume, galvanneal, or galvanized) must first have a copper flash coating before the nickel layer, because the aqueous electroless nickel plating solution will attack the coating. The formula for a copper flash coating and other plating...
Abstract
This article reviews various phases and constituents found in the microstructures of low-carbon and coated steels. It provides information on the criteria for selecting proper metallographic procedures. Techniques used to prepare metallographic specimens of low-carbon steels and coated steels, such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching, are discussed. The article also reviews the simple and proven manual sample preparation techniques of coated steel specimens.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... heat treating operation heat-resistant alloys metallic contaminant removal oxide and scale removal polishing shot-peening tarnish removal HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS (solid-solution-strengthened or precipitation-hardened nickel-, iron-, or cobalt-base alloys) are often referred to as superalloys...
Abstract
This article describes the methods for removing metallic contaminants, tarnish, and scale resulting from hot-working or heat-treating operations on nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base heat-resistant alloys. It provides a brief description of applicable finishing and coating processes, including polishing, electroplating, ceramic coatings, diffusion coatings, and shot-peening. The article presents numerous examples that identify cleaning and finishing problems and the procedures used to solve them.
Book Chapter
Contrast Enhancement and Etching
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003749
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of structural contrast by the deposition of interference layers on the surfaces of polished specimens. Conversely, etching techniques enhance contrast by preferential attack of constituents on the surface of the specimen to be examined. Etching methods include electrochemical and physical techniques...
Abstract
Metallographic contrasting methods include various electrochemical, optical, and physical etching techniques, which in turn are enhanced by the formation of a thin transparent film on the specimen surface. This article primarily discusses etching in conjunction with light microscopy and describes several methods for film formation, namely, heat tinting, color etching, anodizing, potentiostatic etching, vapor deposition, and film deposition by sputtering. It provides information on the general procedures and precautions for etchants and reagents used in metallographic microetching, macroetching, electropolishing, chemical polishing, and other similar operations.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Stainless Steels and Maraging Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003767
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., temperature, time, and phase orientation. When using a particular reagent in the prescribed manner, the colors obtained may differ from those reported in the literature. However, the etch response, that is, what is attacked and what is not attacked at either room temperature or with a boiling solution...
Abstract
This article describes metallographic preparation and examination techniques for stainless steels and maraging steels. It presents a series of micrographs demonstrating microstructural features of these alloys. Procedures used to prepare stainless steels for macroscopic and microscopic examination are similar to those used for carbon, alloy, and tool steels. Cutting and grinding must be carefully executed to minimize deformation because the austenitic grades work harden readily. The high-hardness martensitic grades that contain substantial undissolved chromium carbide are difficult to polish while fully retaining the carbides. Unlike carbon, alloy, and tool steels, etching techniques are more difficult due to the high corrosion resistance of stainless steels and the various second phases that may be encountered. The microstructures of stainless steels can be quite complex. Matrix structures vary according to the type of steel, such as ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, precipitation hardenable, or duplex.
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