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Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article is a comprehensive collection of tables listing: dangerous reactions of chemicals and designations of etchants; chemical-polishing solutions for irons and steels and nonferrous materials; attack-polishing solutions, macrostructure etchants for iron and steel; and major...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003777
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... B 50 mL lactic acid, 30 mL HNO 3 , 2 mL HF 30 mL lactic acid, 10 mL HNO 3 , 10 mL HF Swab specimen 1 to 3 min with solution A, acts as a chemical polishing agent and etchant; then swab 5 s with solution B; repeat if necessary; HF content in solution B controls etch speed Additional etchants...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... are: A soft, fine polishing cloth designed for attack polishing An acid solution of 75 mL H 2 O, 10 g of oxalic acid, 5 mL of acetic acid (glacial), 6 mL of nitric acid (70% HNO 3 ), 2 mL of hydrofluoric acid (48 to 52%HF) An abrasive suspension of colloidal silica The suspension shall be added...
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 23 Comparison of etch-attack and electrochemical methods of polishing tungsten, a representative refractory metal. (a) Polishing by an etch-attack technique using Al 2 O 3 abrasive suspended in an aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide (KCN) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). (b) Polishing More
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003748
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Metallographic preparation of a material involves the elimination of artifacts or scratches from fine polishing and may be achieved by methods such as attack polishing, vibratory polishing, chemical polishing, electrolytic polishing, and electromechanical polishing. This article...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... the definition of the underlying structure (in some cases, smooth polishing may be required). The ground surface was etched in a macroetchant to reveal the structure. The features shown in the flow lines of the flash-butt-weld example were revealed because the acid in the etching solution selectively attacked...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... steel and FeSn 2 (dark, mottled), gray crystals of FeSn 2 in tin, and bottom of tin coating (light). 2% picral. 22,500× vertical; 2250× horizontal Electrodeposited or hot dip tin coatings on copper and copper alloys are readily etched by polish attack using a solution of 20 mL concentrated...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... generally are more difficult to prepare by mechanical polishing, because: Deformation caused by cutting and grinding extends to a greater depth. The embedding of abrasive particles in the metal during polishing is more likely. Relief between the matrix and second-phase particles, which...
Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 52 Micrograph of high-temperature hydrogen attack of postweld heat treated carbon steel in hydrogen service. (a) Etched with 2% nital solution to show weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ). (b) As-polished to show fissures, including an almost through-wall crack on the HAZ on the left. Source More
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and polishing. Electroless nickel plating solutions are commonly used. A plating thickness of about 5 to 10 μm (0.0002 to 0.0004 in.) is usually sufficient. It is best to hot compression mount electroless nickel-plated specimens using a press that cools the specimen to ambient temperature under pressure as hot...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003244
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and inclusions may be preferentially attacked during polishing. Chemical Polishing Chemical polishing involves simple immersion of a metal specimen into a suitable solution to obtain a metallographic polish. The results of chemical polishing are similar to those of electropolishing. They vary from...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., the mount should be of a material that will not be attacked by the acid mixture. Mechanical Preparation (Grinding and Polishing) It is preferable to perform the grinding and polishing procedures with an automatic or semiautomatic machine. The structure of each and every ceramic product has been...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003772
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Immersion Etching and attack polishing of coppers and alloys 3. 25 mL NH 4 OH, 25 mL H 2 O, 50 mL 2.5% (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 Immersion Attack polishing of coppers and some copper alloys 4. 2 g K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , 8 mL H 2 SO 4 , 4 mL NaCl (saturated solution), 100 mL H 2 O Immersion; NaCl replaceable...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003780
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in Table 4 . 100×. Courtesy of M.E. McAllaster Fig. 6 Polarized light micrograph of U-6.0Nb quenched from 800 °C (1470 °F) showing α b ″ thermoelastic martensite. Attack polished using 5 wt% CrO 3 in H 2 O (etchant no longer recommended). 1000×. Courtesy of J.W. Koger Fig. 7...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003781
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... (a) Selected die cast alloys given by common name (UNS) Electrolytic Etching Electrolytic etching has been used to differentiate two intermediate phases of the zinc-copper system (γ phase and ε phase). The electrolyte is a 17% aqueous solution of CrO 3 . The polished specimen is the anode...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003770
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... polishing takes approximately 3 to 5 min. The specimen should appear flat and free of most scratches. An attack-polish procedure may also be used. Initial polishing is performed using Al 2 O 3 abrasive on a short-nap cloth at 1750 rpm. A 5 to 10% aqueous oxalic acid solution is used with the Al 2 O 3...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
...) Some specimens with coatings such as zinc-coated steel sheet (Galvalume, galvanneal, or galvanized) must first have a copper flash coating before the nickel layer, because the aqueous electroless nickel plating solution will attack the coating. The formula for a copper flash coating and other plating...
Book Chapter

By F.S. Pettit
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... heat treating operation heat-resistant alloys metallic contaminant removal oxide and scale removal polishing shot-peening tarnish removal HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS (solid-solution-strengthened or precipitation-hardened nickel-, iron-, or cobalt-base alloys) are often referred to as superalloys...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003749
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of structural contrast by the deposition of interference layers on the surfaces of polished specimens. Conversely, etching techniques enhance contrast by preferential attack of constituents on the surface of the specimen to be examined. Etching methods include electrochemical and physical techniques...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003767
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., temperature, time, and phase orientation. When using a particular reagent in the prescribed manner, the colors obtained may differ from those reported in the literature. However, the etch response, that is, what is attacked and what is not attacked at either room temperature or with a boiling solution...