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Image
Degradation of a composite surface after exposure to atomic oxygen. (a) Bri...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 Degradation of a composite surface after exposure to atomic oxygen. (a) Bright-field illumination, 25× objective. (b) Transmitted light, differential interference contrast, 20× objective
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Book Chapter
Electronic Materials: Atlas of Fractographs
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000631
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... oxygen environment exposure effect, solar cell interconnect, integrated circuit defects, and fatigue failure of these materials. electronic materials fatigue failure fractograph integrated circuits ultrasonic cleaning Fig. 1326, 1327 Effect of exposure to the atomic oxygen environment...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of electronic materials, including L-shaped electronic flat pack, transistor base lead, ohmic contact window, and brush/slip ring assembly. The fractographs illustrate the atomic oxygen environment exposure effect, solar cell interconnect, integrated circuit defects, and fatigue failure of these materials.
Book Chapter
Analysis of Surface Degradation of Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Polymer composite materials are subject to degradation if not appropriately protected from the environment. This article describes the effects of heat and atomic oxygen and ultraviolet-light on composite material surfaces, with illustrations. atomic oxygen composite material...
Abstract
Polymer composite materials are subject to degradation if not appropriately protected from the environment. This article describes the effects of heat and atomic oxygen and ultraviolet-light on composite material surfaces, with illustrations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... describes the in-situ film growth techniques for producing atomic oxygen by radio frequency excitation or microwave discharge or with ozone. electron-beam co-evaporation high-critical-temperature materials in-situ film growth laser ablation low-critical-temperature materials sputtering thin-film...
Abstract
This article focuses on different thin-film deposition techniques used to make superconducting films and discusses the properties and advantages of high-critical-temperature and low-critical-temperature materials in a number of applications, including signal processing and analog electronic devices. The article gives a brief introduction on superconducting materials, substrates and buffer layers and discusses the major deposition techniques such as, electron-beam co-evaporation, sputtering from either a composite target or multiple sources and laser ablation. The article also describes the in-situ film growth techniques for producing atomic oxygen by radio frequency excitation or microwave discharge or with ozone.
Image
Oxygen content of copper powder atomized from oxygen-free electronic copper...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 June 2020
Fig. 43 Oxygen content of copper powder atomized from oxygen-free electronic copper bar, screened in air and argon to a 15 to 53 μm distribution. The data show the pickup of oxygen from the powder manufacturer to the first and tenth runs using electron beam powder-bed fusion. The oxygen
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Image
Powder nitrogen gas atomized from oxygen-free electronic copper material. (...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 June 2020
Fig. 41 Powder nitrogen gas atomized from oxygen-free electronic copper material. (a) After screening in air to a size distribution suitable for laser powder-bed fusion, surface oxides are evident (b, c) on the surfaces of powder particles and (d) within when sectioned.
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Image
Oxygen content of nitrogen-atomized powder as a function of powder size (by...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 June 2020
Fig. 42 Oxygen content of nitrogen-atomized powder as a function of powder size (by mesh screen fraction) for powders screened in air and in inert argon atmosphere
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Image
Effect of oxygen content on compressibility of water atomized iron powder (...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2015
Fig. 8 Effect of oxygen content on compressibility of water atomized iron powder (<0.2 wt% Mn, 0.01 wt% Si) blended with 0.75 wt% Acrawax C and 0.4 wt% graphite. Data at 0.1 wt% O includes results from iron powder with 0.6 wt% Mn. Source: Ref 8
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Image
Polar covalent bonding between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecul...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2015
Image
Nonpolar covalent bonding between carbon and oxygen atoms in a carbon dioxi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2015
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003589
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... Cations diffuse through the scale from the Ni/ NiO interface where the nickel atoms enter the oxide: Ni(metallic) + V Ni ″ = Ni Ni + 2 e − . They diffuse by cation vacancies ( J c = − J V ) to the NiO/gas interface where they react with adsorbed oxygen: Ni Ni + O 2− = V Ni...
Abstract
This article describes the Schottky defect and the Frenkel defect in oxides. It provides information on the p-type metal-deficit oxides and n-type semiconductor oxides. The article discusses diffusion mechanisms and laws of diffusion proposed by Fick. It explains the oxide texture of amorphous and epitaxy oxide layers and presents equations for various oxidation reaction rates. The article reviews different theories to describe the oxidation mechanism. These include the Cabrera-Mott, Hauffe-IIschner, Grimley-Trapnell, Uhlig, and Wagner theories.
Book Chapter
O (Oxygen) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006190
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Abstract This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which oxygen (O) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which oxygen (O) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006090
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... powder used in oxygen scavengers and chemical reactive warmers and heaters. Metal powders used as fuels in solid propellants, pyrotechnic devices, explosives, and similar applications are reviewed. Atomized aluminum, magnesium, tungsten, and zirconium powders are also discussed. atomized aluminum...
Abstract
The primary market for metal powder is the production of powder metallurgy (PM) parts, which are dominated primarily by iron and copper powders. This article reviews the chemical and pyrotechnics applications of ferrous and nonferrous powders. It describes the characteristics of iron powder used in oxygen scavengers and chemical reactive warmers and heaters. Metal powders used as fuels in solid propellants, pyrotechnic devices, explosives, and similar applications are reviewed. Atomized aluminum, magnesium, tungsten, and zirconium powders are also discussed.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006068
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of the powder decreases significantly with decreasing pouring or atomizing temperature ( Ref 2 ). In the interest of low-oxygen-content powders, the atomization tank is partly filled with water and purged with nitrogen; thus, air leakage into the tank is avoided. Nitrogen purging of the atomization chamber...
Abstract
This article provides information on the process details that differ from general water atomization of metals as they relate to basic and engineering properties that are specific to stainless steel powders. The discussion focuses on the compacting-grade stainless steel powders. The process details include raw materials, melting method, and control of physical and chemical powder characteristics. The article describes the gas atomization of stainless steel powders and processes that are done after water atomization: drying, screening, annealing, and lubricating. It also discusses the two types of quality assurance testing measures for powder metallurgy stainless steels: tests for powder contamination and tests of chemical and physical properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... elements, including carbon (atomic number 6) and oxygen (8). In such cores, the heat is high enough, approximately 180 million °F, to force three helium nuclei to fuse into a carbon nucleus, or four helium nuclei into an oxygen nucleus. In very massive stars, those of more than eight solar masses...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of chemistry and chemical interactions necessary to understand protective coatings. It includes information on elements, atoms, molecules, types of bonding, valence electrons, functional groups, polymer formation, and chemical bonding structures.
Book Chapter
Production of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Powder
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of atomized aluminum powders is influenced strongly by the amount of oxygen present in the gas phase during atomization. Particles atomized in an inert gas show spherical features, whereas air-atomized particles are of irregular shape (also known as “nodular” powders). This effect of oxygen on morphology has...
Abstract
This article discusses the production of aluminum and aluminum alloy powders with emphasis on the gas atomization method and the atomizing nozzle. It illustrates the particle formation mechanism and details the requisites for particle size distribution, control, and morphology. The article presents information on the mean oxide thickness formed on atomized powders. It also describes the mechanical and physical properties of aluminum and aluminum alloy powders, as well as their applications.
Image
Partial phase diagrams for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen systems. Of these t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2016
Fig. 5 Partial phase diagrams for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen systems. Of these three elements, oxygen has the smallest atomic diameter and thus the greatest solubility in alpha; carbon has the largest atomic diameter and the lowest solubility in alpha titanium. Source: Ref 1
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Book Chapter
Growth and Growth-Related Properties of Films Formed by Physical Vapor Deposition
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001286
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... 2 on Fe 3.0 Ni on Mo 2.1 Ag on Mo 1.5 Au on W 3.0 O 2 on Mo 7.5 Note: 1 eV/atom = 23 kcal/mole. Source: Ref 8 The bonding between a metal atom and an oxide surface is proportional to the metal-oxygen free energy of formation, with the best adhesion produced...
Abstract
This article describes eight stages of the atomistic film growth: vaporization of the material, transport of the material to the substrate, condensation and nucleation of the atoms, nuclei growth, interface formation, film growth, changes in structure during the deposition, and postdeposition changes. It also discusses the effects and causes of growth-related properties of films deposited by physical vapor deposition processes, including residual film stress, density, and adhesion.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003844
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... is shown in Fig. 1 . Fig. 1 Bis-A epoxy resin structure The structural formula depicts each atom of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the molecule. The lines between each of the atoms indicate the chemical bonds between the atoms. These electronic bonds hold the atoms together to form...
Abstract
Paints and protective coatings are the most common means of protecting materials from deterioration. This article focuses on coating degradation that results from the environmental interaction with the coatings. The major environmental influences of the degradation include energy (solar radiation, heat and temperature variation, and nuclear radiation), permeation (moisture, solvent retention, chemical, and oxygen), stress (drying and curing, vibration, and impact and abrasion), and biological influences (microbiological and macrobiological).
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... in the melt, normally hydrogen but possibly oxygen or steam. Hydrogen-bearing melt stock (e.g., cathode nickel, copper, cobalt) and dampness should be checked and the melt deoxidation practice reviewed. Composition and Microstructure Atomization has the fundamental advantage over other methods...
Abstract
Atomization is the dominant method for producing metal and prealloyed powders from aluminum, brass, iron, low-alloy steels, stainless steels, tool steels, superalloys, titanium alloys, and other alloys. The general types of atomization processes encompass a number of industrial and research methods. This article describes the key process variables and production factors for the industrial methods: two-fluid, centrifugal, vacuum or soluble-gas, and ultrasonic atomization. It also reviews the effect of atomization methods and process variables on key powder characteristics such as the average particle size, particle size distribution or screen analysis, particle shape, chemical composition, and microstructure.
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